Growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) is a member of the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) superfamily. Despite its identification over 20 years ago, the functions of GDF15 remain complex and not fully elucidated. Its concentration in plasma varies widely depending on the physiological and pathophysiological state of the organism. GDF15 has been described to regulate food intake and insulin sensitivity in rodents via the GDNF family receptor α-like (GFRAL) receptor, and to be elevated in pregnancy and many disease states and decreased in physically fit individuals. We discuss the latest developments in the regulation of GDF15 secretion and its diverse physiological effects, and touch upon possible GFRAL-independent effects of GDF15. In addition, we discuss the effects of proteins and peptides derived from the same precursor protein as GDF15.

中文翻译：

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GDF15 仍然是一种神秘的激素。


生长分化因子 15 （GDF15） 是转化生长因子β （TGF-β） 超家族的成员。尽管 GDF15 在 20 多年前就被发现，但它的功能仍然很复杂，尚未完全阐明。它在血浆中的浓度变化很大，具体取决于生物体的生理和病理生理状态。据描述，GDF15 可通过 GDNF 家族受体 α 样 （GFRAL） 受体调节啮齿动物的食物摄入和胰岛素敏感性，并在怀孕和许多疾病状态下升高，在身体健康的个体中降低。我们讨论了 GDF15 分泌调节的最新进展及其各种生理效应，并触及了 GDF15 可能的 GFRAL 非依赖性效应。此外，我们还讨论了源自与 GDF15 相同的前体蛋白的蛋白质和肽的作用。