People exhibit an extraordinary capacity to adjust to stressful situations. Here, we argue that the acute stress response is a major driving force behind this adaptive process. In addition to immediately freeing energy reserves, facilitating a rapid and robust neurocognitive response, and helping to reinstate homeostasis, the stress response also critically regulates neuroplasticity. Therefore, understanding the healthy acute stress response is crucial for understanding stress resilience—the maintenance or rapid recovery of mental health during and after times of adversity. Contemporary resilience research differentiates between resilience factors and resilience mechanisms. Resilience factors refer to a broad array of social, psychological, or biological variables that are stable but potentially malleable and predict resilient outcomes. In contrast, resilience mechanisms refer to proximate mechanisms activated during acute stress that enable individuals to effectively navigate immediate challenges. In this article, we review literature related to how neurotransmitter and hormonal changes during acute stress regulate the activation of resilience mechanisms. We integrate literature on the timing-dependent and neuromodulator-specific regulation of neurocognition, episodic memory, and behavioral and motivational control, highlighting the distinct and often synergistic roles of catecholamines (dopamine and norepinephrine) and glucocorticoids. We conclude that stress resilience is bolstered by improved future predictions and the success-based reinforcement of effective coping strategies during acute stress. The resulting generalized memories of success, controllability, and safety constitute beneficial plasticity that lastingly improves self-control under stress. Insight into such mechanisms of resilience is critical for the development of novel interventions focused on prevention rather than treatment of stress-related disorders.

中文翻译：

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建立复原力：压力反应是神经可塑性和适应的驱动力


人们表现出非凡的适应压力情况的能力。在这里，我们认为急性应激反应是这种适应性过程背后的主要驱动力。除了立即释放能量储备、促进快速而强大的神经认知反应和帮助恢复体内平衡外，压力反应还严重调节神经可塑性。因此，了解健康的急性应激反应对于理解压力恢复能力至关重要，即在逆境期间和之后保持或快速恢复心理健康。当代韧性研究区分了韧性因素和韧性机制。弹性因素是指一系列稳定的社会、心理或生物变量，这些变量是稳定的，但具有潜在的可塑性，并预测弹性结果。相比之下，弹性机制是指在急性压力期间激活的邻近机制，使个人能够有效地应对直接挑战。在本文中，我们回顾了与急性应激期间神经递质和荷尔蒙变化如何调节弹性机制激活相关的文献。我们整合了关于神经认知、情景记忆以及行为和动机控制的时间依赖性和神经调节剂特异性调节的文献，强调了儿茶酚胺（多巴胺和去甲肾上腺素）和糖皮质激素的独特且通常协同作用。我们得出的结论是，在急性压力期间，改进的未来预测和基于成功的有效应对策略的强化可以增强压力恢复力。由此产生的关于成功、可控性和安全性的普遍记忆构成了有益的可塑性，可以持久地提高压力下的自我控制能力。 深入了解这种恢复机制对于开发专注于预防而不是治疗压力相关疾病的新型干预措施至关重要。