Bilirubin (BR) is among the most potent endogenous antioxidants that originates from the heme catabolic pathway. Despite being considered as a dangerous and cytotoxic waste product at high concentrations, BR has potent antioxidant effects leading to the reduction of oxidative stress and inflammation, which play an important role in the development and progression of cancer. The purpose of this study is to introduce PEGylated BR nanoparticles (NPs), themselves or in combination with other anti-cancer agents. BR is effective when loaded into various nanoparticles and used in cancer therapy. Interestingly, BRNPs can be manipulated to create stimuli-responsive carriers providing a sustained and controlled, as well as on-demand, release of drug in response to internal or external factors such as reactive oxygen species, glutathione, light, enzymes, and acidic pH. This review suggests that BRNPs have the potential as tumor microenvironment-responsive delivery systems for effective targeting of various types of cancers.

中文翻译：

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利用刺激响应纳米颗粒来传递和增强胆红素的抗肿瘤作用


胆红素 （BR） 是源自血红素分解代谢途径的最有效的内源性抗氧化剂之一。尽管在高浓度下被认为是一种危险且具有细胞毒性的废物，但 BR 具有强大的抗氧化作用，可减少氧化应激和炎症，这在癌症的发生和发展中起着重要作用。本研究的目的是引入聚乙二醇化 BR 纳米颗粒 （NPs），本身或与其他抗癌剂联合使用。BR 在加载到各种纳米颗粒中并用于癌症治疗时有效。有趣的是，BRNP 可以纵以产生刺激响应载体，根据内部或外部因素（如活性氧、谷胱甘肽、光、酶和酸性 pH 值）提供持续、受控和按需的药物释放。本综述表明，BRNPs 具有作为肿瘤微环境响应递送系统的潜力，可有效靶向各种类型的癌症。