Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder marked by the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. Despite progress, the pathogenesis remains unclear. Human midbrain organoids (hMLOs) have emerged as a promising model for studying PD, drug screening, and potential treatments. This review discusses the development of hMLOs, their application in PD research, and current challenges in organoid construction, highlighting possible optimization strategies.

中文翻译：

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人中脑类器官：高级帕金森病建模和治疗探索的有力工具

帕金森病 （PD） 是一种神经退行性疾病，其特征是黑质中多巴胺能神经元的丢失。尽管取得了进展，但发病机制仍不清楚。人类中脑类器官 （hMLO） 已成为研究 PD、药物筛选和潜在治疗的有前途的模型。本综述讨论了 hMLO 的发展、它们在 PD 研究中的应用以及类器官构建的当前挑战，重点介绍了可能的优化策略。