Background and Hypothesis Individuals with schizophrenia have less priors than controls, meaning they rely less upon their prior experiences to interpret the current stimuli. These differences in priors are expected to show as higher alternation rates in bistable perception tasks like the Structure-from-Motion (SfM) paradigm. In this paradigm, continuously moving dots in two dimensions are perceived subjectively as traveling along a three-dimensional sphere, which results in a direction of motion (left or right) that shifts approximately every few seconds. Study Design Here, we tested healthy controls, patients with schizophrenia, siblings of patients with schizophrenia, and patients with depression with both the intermittent and continuous variants of the SfM paradigm. Study Results In the intermittent variant of the SfM paradigm, depressive patients exhibited the lowest alternation rate, followed by unaffected controls. In contrast, patients with schizophrenia and their unaffected siblings displayed significantly higher alternation rates. In the continuous variant of the SfM paradigm, patients with schizophrenia showed the lowest mean percept durations, while there were no differences between the other three groups. Conclusions The intermittent SfM paradigm is a candidate endophenotype for schizophrenia. The aberrant processing in the patients may stem from alterations in adaptation and/or cross-inhibition mechanisms leading to changes in priors, as suggested by current models in the field. The intermittent SfM paradigm is, hence, a trait marker that offers the great opportunity to investigate perceptual abnormalities across the psychiatry spectrum, ranging from depression to psychosis.

中文翻译：

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双稳态感知区分抑郁症患者、对照组、精神分裂症患者及其兄弟姐妹


背景和假设 患有精神分裂症的个体比对照组具有更少的先验，这意味着他们较少依赖先前的经验来解释当前的刺激。预计这些先验差异将在双稳态感知任务（如运动结构 （SfM） 范式）中表现为更高的交替率。在这种范式中，在二维空间中连续移动的点在主观上被视为沿三维球体移动，这导致运动方向（左或右）大约每隔几秒钟移动一次。研究设计 在这里，我们测试了健康对照、精神分裂症患者、精神分裂症患者的兄弟姐妹以及具有 SfM 范式间歇性和连续变体的抑郁症患者。研究结果 在 SfM 范式的间歇性变体中，抑郁症患者的交替率最低，其次是未受影响的对照组。相比之下，精神分裂症患者及其未受影响的兄弟姐妹表现出显着更高的交替率。在 SfM 范式的连续变体中，精神分裂症患者的平均感知持续时间最低，而其他三组之间没有差异。结论 间歇性 SfM 范式是精神分裂症的候选内表型。正如该领域当前模型所表明的那样，患者的异常加工可能源于适应和/或交叉抑制机制的改变，导致先验发生变化。因此，间歇性 SfM 范式是一个特征标志，它为研究整个精神病学范围内的感知异常提供了很好的机会，从抑郁症到精神病。