Grasses, including turf and forage, cover most of the earth’s surface; predominantly important for land, water, livestock feed, soil and water conservation, as well as carbon sequestration. Improved production and quality of grasses by modern molecular breeding is gaining more research attention. Recent advances in genome-editing technologies are helping to revolutionize plant breeding and also offering smart and efficient acceleration on grass improvement. Here, we reviewed all recent researches using (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein (Cas)-mediated genome editing tools to enhance the growth and quality of forage and turf grasses. Furthermore, we highlighted emerging approaches aimed at advancing grass breeding program. We assessed the CRISPR-Cas effectiveness, discussed the challenges associated with its application, and explored future perspectives primarily focusing on turf and forage grasses. Despite the promising potential of genome editing in grasses, its current efficiency remains limited due to several bottlenecks, such as the absence of comprehensive reference genomes, the lack of efficient gene delivery tools, unavailability of suitable vector and delivery for grass species, high polyploidization, multiple homoeoalleles, etc. Despite these challenges, the CRISPR-Cas system holds great potential to fully harness its benefits in grass breeding and genetics, aiming to improve and sustain the quantity and quality of turf and forage grasses.

中文翻译：

---

用于草地改良和未来农业的基因组编辑


草，包括草皮和草料，覆盖了地球的大部分表面;对土地、水、牲畜饲料、土壤和水保持以及碳封存非常重要。通过现代分子育种提高草的产量和质量正在引起越来越多的研究关注。基因组编辑技术的最新进展正在帮助彻底改变植物育种，并为草的改良提供了智能和高效的加速。在这里，我们回顾了使用 （CRISPR）/CRISPR 相关蛋白 （Cas） 介导的基因组编辑工具来提高牧草和草坪草的生长和质量的所有最新研究。此外，我们强调了旨在推进草育种计划的新兴方法。我们评估了 CRISPR-Cas 的有效性，讨论了与其应用相关的挑战，并探索了主要关注草坪和牧草的未来前景。尽管禾本科植物基因组编辑具有广阔的潜力，但由于缺乏全面的参考基因组、缺乏有效的基因递送工具、禾本科物种的合适载体和递送、高多倍体化、多个同源等位基因等，其目前的效率仍然有限。尽管存在这些挑战，但 CRISPR-Cas 系统仍具有巨大的潜力，可以充分利用其在草地育种和遗传学方面的优势，旨在改善和维持草坪和牧草的数量和质量。