Predator hunting strategies, such as stalking versus coursing behaviors, are hypothesized to influence antipredator behaviors of prey and can describe the movement behaviors of predators themselves. Predators and prey may alter their movement in relation to predator hunting modes, yet few studies have evaluated how these strategies influence movement behaviors of free‐ranging animals in a multiple‐predator, multiple‐prey system. We fit hidden Markov models (HMM) with movement data derived from >400 GPS‐collared ungulates and large predators in eastern Washington, USA. We used these models to test our hypotheses that stalking (cougars [Puma concolor]) and coursing (gray wolves [Canis lupus]) predators would exhibit different broad‐scale movement behaviors consistent with their respective hunting strategies in areas that increased the likelihood of encountering or capturing ungulate prey (e.g., habitats selected by deer [Odocoileus spp.]). Similarly, we expected that broadscale movement behaviors of prey would change in response to background levels of predation risk associated with each predator's hunting strategy. We found that predators and ungulate prey adjusted their broadscale movements in response to one another's long‐term patterns of habitat selection but not based on differences in predator‐hunting strategies. Predators changed their movement behaviors based on the type of prey, whereas ungulates generally reduced movement in areas associated with large predators, regardless of the predator's hunting strategy. Both predator and prey movements varied in response to landscape features but not necessarily based on habitat that would facilitate specific hunting behaviors. Our results suggest that predators and prey adjust their movements at broad temporal scales in relation to long‐term patterns of risk and resource distributions, potentially influencing their encounter rates with one another at finer spatiotemporal scales. Habitat features further influenced changes in movement, resulting in a complex combination of movement behaviors in multiple‐predator, multiple‐prey systems.

中文翻译：

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捕食者-猎物空间利用和景观特征影响大型哺乳动物群落的运动行为


据假设捕食者狩猎策略，例如跟踪与奔跑行为，会影响猎物的反捕食者行为，并且可以描述捕食者本身的运动行为。捕食者和猎物可能会根据捕食者狩猎模式改变它们的运动，但很少有研究评估这些策略如何影响多捕食者、多猎物系统中自由放养动物的运动行为。我们将隐藏马尔可夫模型 （HMM） 与来自美国华盛顿东部 >400 GPS 项圈有蹄类动物和大型捕食者的运动数据进行拟合。我们使用这些模型来检验我们的假设，即跟踪（美洲狮 [Puma concolor]）和奔跑（灰狼 [Canis lupus]）捕食者会表现出不同的大尺度运动行为，与它们各自的狩猎策略一致，在增加遇到或捕捉有蹄类猎物可能性的区域（例如，鹿 [Odocoileus spp.] 选择的栖息地）。同样，我们预计猎物的大规模运动行为会随着与每个捕食者的狩猎策略相关的捕食风险背景水平而发生变化。我们发现，捕食者和有蹄类猎物会根据彼此的长期栖息地选择模式调整它们的大规模运动，而不是基于捕食者狩猎策略的差异。捕食者根据猎物的类型改变它们的移动行为，而有蹄类动物通常会减少与大型捕食者相关的区域的运动，无论捕食者的狩猎策略如何。捕食者和猎物的运动都因景观特征而异，但不一定基于促进特定狩猎行为的栖息地。 我们的结果表明，捕食者和猎物会根据风险和资源分配的长期模式在广泛的时间尺度上调整它们的移动，从而可能影响它们在更精细的时空尺度上彼此相遇的比率。栖息地特征进一步影响了运动的变化，导致多捕食者、多猎物系统中的运动行为复杂组合。