Exercise is a therapeutic approach in cancer treatment, providing several benefits. Moreover, exercise is associated with a reduced risk for developing a range of cancers and for their recurrence, as well as with improving survival, even though the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Preclinical and clinical evidence shows that the acute effects of a single exercise session can suppress the growth of various cancer cell lines in vitro. This suppression is potentially due to altered concentrations of hormones (e.g., insulin) and cytokines (e.g., tumor necrosis factor alpha and interleukin 6) after exercise. These factors, known to be involved in tumorigenesis, may explain why exercise is associated with reduced cancer incidence, recurrence, and mortality. However, the effects of short- (<8 weeks) and long-term (≥8 weeks) exercise programs on cancer cells have been reported with mixed results. Although more research is needed, it appears that interventions incorporating both exercise and diet seem to have greater inhibitory effects on cancer cell growth in both apparently healthy subjects as well as in cancer patients. Although speculative, these suppressive effects on cancer cells may be driven by changes in body weight and composition as well as by a reduction in low-grade inflammation often associated with sedentary behavior, low muscle mass, and excess fat mass in cancer patients. Taken together, such interventions could alter the systemic levels of suppressive circulating factors, leading to a less favorable environment for tumorigenesis. While regular exercise and a healthy diet may establish a more cancer-suppressive environment, each acute bout of exercise provides a further “dose” of anticancer medicine. Therefore, integrating regular exercise could potentially play a significant role in cancer management, highlighting the need for future investigations in this promising area of research.

中文翻译：

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短期和长期运动训练对体外癌细胞的影响：对机制关联的见解


运动是癌症治疗中的一种治疗方法，具有多种益处。此外，运动与降低患一系列癌症及其复发的风险以及提高生存率有关，尽管其潜在机制尚不清楚。临床前和临床证据表明，单次运动的急性效应可以在体外抑制各种癌细胞系的生长。这种抑制可能是由于运动后激素（例如胰岛素）和细胞因子（例如肿瘤坏死因子 α 和白细胞介素 6）浓度的变化。这些已知与肿瘤发生有关的因素可以解释为什么运动与降低癌症发病率、复发和死亡率有关。然而，据报道，短期 （<8 周） 和长期 （≥8 周） 锻炼计划对癌细胞的影响，结果喜忧参半。尽管需要更多的研究，但似乎结合运动和饮食的干预措施似乎对明显健康的受试者和癌症患者的癌细胞生长具有更大的抑制作用。虽然是推测性的，但这些对癌细胞的抑制作用可能是由体重和成分的变化以及通常与癌症患者久坐行为、低肌肉量和过多脂肪量相关的低度炎症的减少驱动的。综上所述，此类干预措施可能会改变抑制性循环因子的全身水平，从而导致肿瘤发生的不利环境。虽然定期运动和健康饮食可能会建立更抑制癌症的环境，但每次急性运动都会提供进一步的“剂量”抗癌药物。 因此，定期锻炼可能在癌症管理中发挥重要作用，突出了在这个有前途的研究领域进行未来研究的必要性。