Climate warming can be detrimental to biodiversity and ecosystem multifunctionality. Numerous studies have examined the effect of warming on ecosystem multifunctionality; however, little is known about how long-term warming affects ecosystem multifunctionality and its seasonal dynamics. Here, we determined the effects of long-term (10 years) in-situ soil warming on multitrophic diversity (plants, soil bacteria, soil fungi, arthropods, and nematodes) and soil multifunctionality in an alpine meadow. The effects of warming on multitrophic diversity were inconsistent, showing a positive effect on soil microbial diversity, including bacterial diversity and fungal diversity, in the upper layer (0–10 cm), a negative effect on plant diversity, and no effect on soil fauna diversity in either the upper (0–10 cm) or lower soil layers (10–20 cm). Warming had a minor effect on soil multifunctionality, and reduced seasonal differences in soil multifunctionality in upper soil layers, but expanded the differences in the lower soil layers. Based on structural equation models, both abiotic factors (soil water content and soil pH) and biotic factors (microbial diversity and fauna diversity) jointly influenced soil multifunctionality, with abiotic factors having a greater effect than biotic factors. The findings provide insights in the important effects of long-term warming on seasonal dynamics of soil multifunctionality, and the crucial role of multitrophic diversity for maintaining the sustainable development of the alpine ecosystem under climate warming.

中文翻译：

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年代际变暖诱导的非生物因子变化和多营养多样性推动了高寒草甸土壤的多功能性


气候变暖可能对生物多样性和生态系统多功能性有害。许多研究考察了变暖对生态系统多功能性的影响;然而，关于长期变暖如何影响生态系统多功能性及其季节性动态，人们知之甚少。在这里，我们确定了长期（10 年）原位土壤变暖对高山草甸多营养多样性（植物、土壤细菌、土壤真菌、节肢动物和线虫）和土壤多功能性的影响。变暖对多营养多样性的影响不一致，对上层 （0-10 cm） 土壤微生物多样性（包括细菌多样性和真菌多样性）有积极影响，对植物多样性有负面影响，对上层 （0-10 cm） 或下层土壤 （10-20 cm） 的土壤动物多样性没有影响。变暖对土壤多功能性的影响很小，减少了上层土壤多功能性的季节性差异，但扩大了下层土壤的差异。基于结构方程模型，非生物因素 （土壤含水量和土壤 pH 值） 和生物因素 （微生物多样性和动物多样性） 共同影响土壤多功能性，其中非生物因素的影响大于生物因素。研究结果为长期变暖对土壤多功能性季节性动态的重要影响，以及多营养多样性在气候变暖下维持高山生态系统可持续发展的关键作用提供了见解。