The PD-L1/PD-1 signaling pathway is the gold standard for cancer immunotherapy. Therapeutic antibodies targeting PD-1, such as nivolumab (Opdivo) and pembrolizumab (Keytruda), and PD-L1, including atezolizumab (Tecentriq), durvalumab (Imfinzi), and avelumab (Bavencio) have received Food and Drug Administration approval and are currently being used to treat various cancers. Traditionally, PD-L1 is known as an immune checkpoint protein that binds to the PD-1 receptor on its surface to inhibit the activity of T cells, which are the primary effector cells in antitumor immunity. However, it also plays a role in cancer progression, which goes beyond traditional understanding. Here, we highlight the multifaceted mechanisms of action of PD-L1 in cancer cell proliferation, transcriptional regulation, and systemic immune suppression. Moreover, we consider the potential role of PD-L1 in the development and pathogenesis of diseases other than cancer, explore PD-L1-focused therapeutic approaches for these diseases, and assess their clinical relevance. Through this review, we hope to provide deeper insights into the PD-L1/PD-1 signaling pathway and present a broad perspective on potential therapeutic approaches for cancer and other diseases.

中文翻译：

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PD-L1：从癌症免疫治疗到多种疾病的治疗意义


PD-L1/PD-1 信号通路是癌症免疫治疗的金标准。靶向 PD-1 的治疗性抗体，如纳武利尤单抗 （Opdivo） 和帕博利珠单抗 （Keytruda） 和 PD-L1，包括 atezolizumab （Tecentriq）、durvalumab （Imfinzi） 和 avelumab （Bavencio），已获得美国食品药品监督管理局的批准，目前正在用于治疗各种癌症。传统上，PD-L1 被称为免疫检查点蛋白，它与表面的 PD-1 受体结合以抑制 T 细胞的活性，T 细胞是抗肿瘤免疫中的主要效应细胞。然而，它也在癌症进展中发挥作用，这超出了传统理解。在这里，我们强调了 PD-L1 在癌细胞增殖、转录调控和全身免疫抑制中的多方面作用机制。此外，我们考虑了 PD-L1 在癌症以外的疾病发展和发病机制中的潜在作用，探索了针对这些疾病的以 PD-L1 为重点的治疗方法，并评估了它们的临床相关性。通过这篇综述，我们希望对 PD-L1/PD-1 信号通路提供更深入的见解，并为癌症和其他疾病的潜在治疗方法提出广阔的前景。