Mouse models of growth hormone deficiency (GHD) have provided important tools for uncovering the various actions of GH. Nearly 100 years of research using these mouse lines has greatly enhanced our knowledge of the GH/IGF-1 axis. Some of the shared phenotypes of the 5 "common" mouse models of GHD include reduced body size, delayed sexual maturation, decreased fertility, reduced muscle mass, increased adiposity, and enhanced insulin sensitivity. Since these common mouse lines outlive their normal-sized littermates-and have protection from age-associated disease-they have become important fixtures in the aging field. On the other hand, the 12 "uncommon" mouse models of GHD described herein have tremendously divergent health outcomes ranging from beneficial aging phenotypes (similar to those described for the common models) to extremely detrimental features (such as improper development of the central nervous system, numerous sensory organ defects, and embryonic lethality). Moreover, advancements in next-generation sequencing technologies have led to the identification of an expanding array of genes that are recognized as causative agents to numerous rare syndromes with concomitant GHD. Accordingly, this review provides researchers with a comprehensive up-to-date collection of the common and uncommon mouse models of GHD that have been used to study various aspects of physiology and metabolism associated with multiple forms of GHD. For each mouse line presented, the closest comparable human syndromes are discussed providing important parallels to the clinic.

中文翻译：

---

生长激素缺乏症的常见和不常见小鼠模型。


生长激素缺乏症 （GHD） 小鼠模型为揭示 GH 的各种作用提供了重要工具。使用这些小鼠细胞系的近 100 年研究极大地增强了我们对 GH/IGF-1 轴的了解。GHD 的 5 种“常见”小鼠模型的一些共同表型包括体型减小、性成熟延迟、生育能力降低、肌肉质量减少、肥胖增加和胰岛素敏感性增强。由于这些常见的老鼠品系比正常大小的同窝小鼠活得更久，并且能够抵御与年龄相关的疾病，因此它们已成为老龄化领域的重要固定装置。另一方面，本文描述的 12 种“不常见”的 GHD 小鼠模型具有截然不同的健康结果，从有益的衰老表型（类似于常见模型描述的那些）到极其有害的特征（例如中枢神经系统发育不当、许多感觉器官缺陷和胚胎致死性）。此外，新一代测序技术的进步导致鉴定出越来越多的基因，这些基因被认为是许多伴有 GHD 的罕见综合征的病原体。因此，这篇综述为研究人员提供了 GHD 常见和不常见小鼠模型的全面最新集合，这些模型已用于研究与多种形式的 GHD 相关的生理学和代谢的各个方面。对于提出的每个小鼠系，讨论了最接近的可比人类综合征，提供了与临床的重要相似之处。