Rock failure under external force is a process of energy conversion between the external environment and the rock system. This study aims to quantify rock damage and predict failure from an energy perspective. Infrared radiation (IR) and acoustic emission (AE) technologies were used to monitor the failure process of red sandstone during uniaxial loading experiments in real time. The energy evolution law during the rock failure process was analyzed. Based on the Stefan–Boltzmann law, a quantitative parameter, average cumulative radiation energy increment (ΔACRE), was proposed for IR indicators. A coupling mathematical model between elastic strain energy and ΔACRE was derived. The correlation between cumulative AE energy and dissipated strain energy was also analyzed. Results reveal that the rock failure process can be divided into four stages according to energy evolution: compaction, elastic, elastic–plastic, and failure stages. The proposed ΔACRE can serve as a basis for dividing these stages. A cubic polynomial relationship was found between ΔACRE and elastic strain energy. AE cumulative energy and dissipated strain energy showed similar variation trends. Furthermore, based on ΔACRE, AE cumulative energy, and energy evolution theory, a failure prediction indicator (IRAEER) was proposed. This indicator can effectively identify precursor points of rock failure. A quantitative indicator for rock damage evolution under combined IR and AE action was created using IRAEER as the characterization parameter of the rock damage variable, demonstrating high reliability. This research provides strong support for estimating rock states and guiding the design of rock engineering structures.

中文翻译：

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岩石损伤量化与破坏预测：一种基于红外辐射和声发射能量演化的新方法


外力作用下的岩石破坏是外部环境与岩石系统之间能量转换的过程。本研究旨在量化岩石损伤并从能量角度预测破坏。采用红外辐射 （IR） 和声发射 （AE） 技术实时监测红砂岩单轴加载实验过程中的破坏过程。分析了岩石破坏过程中的能量演化规律。基于 Stefan-Boltzmann 定律，提出了 IR 指标的定量参数，即平均累积辐射能量增量 （ΔACRE）。推导了弹性应变能与 ΔACRE 之间的耦合数学模型。还分析了累积声发射能与耗散应变能之间的相关性。结果表明：岩石破坏过程根据能量演化可分为四个阶段：压实、弹性、弹塑性和破坏阶段。拟议的 ΔACRE 可以作为划分这些阶段的基础。发现 ΔACRE 与弹性应变能之间存在立方多项式关系。AE 累积能量和耗散应变能表现出相似的变化趋势。此外，基于 ΔACRE、AE 累积能量和能量演化理论，提出了失效预测指标 （IRAEER）。该指标可以有效识别岩石破坏的前兆点。以 IRAEER 作为岩石损伤变量的表征参数，创建了 IR 和 AE 联合作用下岩石损伤演变的定量指标，表现出较高的可靠性。该研究为岩石状态估计和指导岩石工程结构设计提供了有力支撑。