This article identifies the recurring expression ‘scope and method/s’ in three published lectures by Henry Sidgwick, Halford Mackinder and James George Frazer between 1885 and 1921. It tracks transdisciplinary connections between the thought and practice of late nineteenth-century philosophy, economic science and geography, and early twentieth-century anthropology, thereby illuminating shifting perceptions, and applications, of historical geographical knowledge and imaginations in a broader speculative evolutionary epistemological scheme. At a time when science and humanities subjects were thought to be diverging, it shows that metaphorical uses of optical instruments helped draw synoptic spatio-temporal frames of reference which shaped transdisciplinary and trans-institutional practices.

中文翻译：

---

概要主题？哲学、地理学和人类学的范围和方法


本文识别了亨利·西奇威克 (Henry Sidgwick)、哈尔福德·麦金德 (Halford Mackinder) 和詹姆斯·乔治·弗雷泽 (James George Frazer) 在 1885 年至 1921 年间发表的三场讲座中反复出现的表述“范围和方法”。它追踪了 19 世纪末哲学、经济科学的思想与实践之间的跨学科联系和地理学，以及二十世纪早期的人类学，从而在更广泛的思辨进化认识论方案中阐明了历史地理知识和想象力的转变感知和应用。在科学和人文学科被认为存在分歧的时代，它表明光学仪器的隐喻使用有助于绘制概括的时空参考框架，从而塑造跨学科和跨机构的实践。