Bilinguals frequently switch between languages. The present study examined cued language switching (CLS) longitudinally in bilingual Turkish–Dutch children with (n = 11) and without (n = 30) developmental language disorder (DLD) in a three-wave design with one-year intervals. We studied effects of dominance, indexed by language proficiency and exposure, on overall switching performance and the costs associated with switching between languages. Results show limited evidence for overall costs associated with language switching (i.e., only mixing costs in reaction times [RTs]). Further, accuracy on CLS increased with increasing dominance in the trial language. Moreover, better performance, and larger switching costs, were found in the majority (Dutch) compared to the minority (Turkish) language. These results are discussed in light of the sociolinguistic context. As hypothesized, more errors, longer RTs and slightly larger mixing costs were observed in children with DLD, suggesting overall word retrieval difficulties and difficulties with cognitive control.

中文翻译：

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优势对语言转换的影响：对患有和不患有发展性语言障碍的土耳其语-荷兰语儿童的纵向研究


双语者经常在语言之间切换。本研究采用间隔一年的三波设计，纵向检查了患有（n = 11）和不患有（n = 30）发展性语言障碍（DLD）的双语土耳其语-荷兰语儿童的提示语言转换（CLS）。我们研究了以语言熟练程度和接触程度为指标的主导地位对整体转换性能以及与语言之间转换相关的成本的影响。结果显示与语言切换相关的总体成本的证据有限（即仅反应时间 [RTs] 的混合成本）。此外，随着试验语言的主导地位不断增强，CLS 的准确性也随之提高。此外，与少数语言（土耳其语）相比，大多数语言（荷兰语）具有更好的性能和更大的转换成本。这些结果是根据社会语言学背景进行讨论的。正如假设的那样，在患有 DLD 的儿童中观察到更多的错误、更长的 RT 和稍大的混合成本，这表明总体单词检索困难和认知控制困难。