Immunotherapy represents an emergent and heterogeneous group of anticancer treatments harnessing the human immune-surveillance system, including immune-checkpoint inhibitor monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), Chimeric Antigen Receptor T Cells (CAR-T) therapy, cancer vaccines and lymphocyte activation gene-3 (LAG-3) therapy. While remarkably effective against several malignancies, these therapies, often in combination with other cancer treatments, have showed unforeseen toxicity, including cardiovascular complications. The occurrence of immuno-mediated adverse (irAEs) events has been progressively reported in the last 10 years. These irAEs present an extended range of severity, from self-limiting to life-threatening conditions. Although recent guidelines in CardioOncology have provided important evidence in managing cancer treatments, they often encompass general approaches. However, a specific focus is required due to the particular etiology, unique risk factors, and associated side effects of immunotherapy. This review aims to deepen the understanding of the prevalence and nature of cardiovascular issues in patients undergoing immunotherapy, offering insights into strategies for risk stratification and management.

免疫疗法代表了一组利用人类免疫监视系统的新兴且异质的抗癌治疗方法，包括免疫检查点抑制剂单克隆抗体 (mAb)、嵌合抗原受体 T 细胞 (CAR-T) 疗法、癌症疫苗和淋巴细胞激活基因 3（ LAG-3）疗法。虽然这些疗法对多种恶性肿瘤非常有效，但通常与其他癌症疗法联合使用，却显示出不可预见的毒性，包括心血管并发症。过去 10 年中，免疫介导不良 (irAE) 事件的发生逐渐被报道。这些 irAE 的严重程度范围很广，从自限性到危及生命的情况。尽管最近的心脏肿瘤学指南为管理癌症治疗提供了重要证据，但它们通常包含一般方法。然而，由于免疫疗法的特殊病因、独特的危险因素和相关副作用，需要特别关注。本综述旨在加深对接受免疫治疗的患者心血管问题的患病率和性质的了解，为风险分层和管理策略提供见解。