Limited research has examined the combined effects of psychosocial and material adversities experienced in childhood during adolescence, a sensitive period of rapid social, emotional, and cognitive development. We investigated the interaction effect of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and socioeconomic circumstances (SECs) during childhood on emerging self-reported depressive symptomatology among 13-year-old Portuguese adolescents. We utilized data from 4,280 participants in the Generation XXI birth cohort, collected during the baseline (2005–2006), third (2016–2017), and fourth waves (2018–2020). Adjusted odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were obtained from binary logistic regression analyses to estimate the likelihood of depressive symptoms based on exposure to ACEs and adverse family SECs. The interaction effect of ACEs and SECs was evaluated in terms of departure from additive and multiplicative models. Adolescents who reported experiences of abuse, school-related problems, and household dysfunction, as well as those from less advantaged family SECs at age 10, were more likely to report moderate to severe depressive symptoms at age 13, compared to their more affluent counterparts. We observed a significant additive interaction between low household income and abuse in the development of moderate to severe depressive symptoms [relative excess risk due to interaction, 0.69, 95% CI: 0.11, 1.26]. This interaction remained statistically significant on a multiplicative scale [OR = 1.61, 95% CI: 0.99, 2.69]. ACEs and low family SECs during the first decade of life are associated with an elevated risk of moderate to severe depressive symptoms in adolescence.

中文翻译：

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不良童年经历与社会经济环境在青少年抑郁症状学中的相互作用


有限的研究探讨了童年时期经历的社会心理和物质逆境的综合影响，青春期是社会、情感和认知快速发展的敏感时期。我们调查了童年时期不良童年经历 (ACE) 和社会经济环境 (SEC) 对 13 岁葡萄牙青少年新出现的自我报告抑郁症状的相互作用影响。我们利用了第 21 代出生队列中 4,280 名参与者的数据，这些数据是在基线（2005-2006 年）、第三波（2016-2017 年）和第四波（2018-2020 年）期间收集的。通过二元 Logistic 回归分析获得调整后的比值比和 95% 置信区间 (CI)，以根据接触 ACE 和不良家庭 SEC 来估计抑郁症状的可能性。 ACE 和 SEC 的相互作用效应是根据加法和乘法模型的偏离来评估的。与较富裕的同龄人相比，在 10 岁时报告经历过虐待、学校相关问题和家庭功能障碍的青少年，以及来自条件较差的家庭 SEC 的青少年，更有可能在 13 岁时报告中度至重度抑郁症状。我们观察到低家庭收入和虐待之间在中度至重度抑郁症状的发展中存在显着的相加交互作用[交互作用导致的相对超额风险，0.69，95% CI：0.11，1.26]。这种相互作用在乘法尺度上仍然具有统计显着性[OR = 1.61, 95% CI: 0.99, 2.69]。生命最初十年的 ACE 和低家庭 SEC 与青春期中度至重度抑郁症状的风险升高相关。