Given that problematic smartphone use (PSU) has been researched for a long time, it becomes necessary to assess how the trends of PSU prevalence have evolved over time. In total, 106 articles from 2012 to 2022 with 109 studies covering 97,748 individuals were included in this systematic review and meta-analysis. The estimation of the global pooled PSU prevalence was 37.1% (95% confidence interval, 33.5 - 40.8%) and the PSU prevalence is growing over time in total. Although the PSU prevalence exhibited wide variation between regions and measurement scales, the increasing trend remained. In addition, the regression slope of the PSU prevalence trend in males was higher than that in females. Males initially had a lower prevalence of PSU than females, but this steadily changed over time until it was greater in males than in females. Moreover, the prevalence of PSU showed an increasing trend across all age groups, with a faster growth rate in the older age group. Considering the aforementioned results, it's necessary to implement proper interventions to do with this phenomenon. In addition, considering the differences in prevalence brought by regions, and measurement scales, in practice and research, we should not only take into account the disparities of PSU between countries or cultures, but also to concern about establishing unified standard and measurement tools to confirm it.

中文翻译：

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有问题的智能手机使用流行率的趋势和影响因素（2012-2022）：系统回顾和荟萃分析。


鉴于有问题的智能手机使用 (PSU) 已经被研究了很长时间，因此有必要评估 PSU 流行趋势随时间的演变情况。此次系统评价和荟萃分析总共纳入了 2012 年至 2022 年 106 篇文章、109 项研究，涵盖 97,748 名个体。全球汇总 PSU 患病率估计为 37.1%（95% 置信区间，33.5 - 40.8%），并且 PSU 患病率总体上随着时间的推移而增长。尽管 PSU 患病率在不同地区和测量范围之间表现出很大差异，但增加的趋势仍然存在。此外，男性PSU患病率趋势的回归斜率高于女性。最初，男性的 PSU 患病率低于女性，但随着时间的推移，这种情况不断变化，直到男性的患病率高于女性。此外，各年龄组的PSU患病率均呈上升趋势，其中年龄较大的组增长速度更快。考虑到上述结果，有必要针对这种现象实施适当的干预措施。此外，考虑到地区、测量尺度带来的患病率差异，在实践和研究中，不仅要考虑国家或文化之间PSU的差异，更要关注建立统一的标准和测量工具来确认它。