sylated bacterio, known as glycocins, were first discovered in 2011. These bioactive peptides are produced by bacteria to gain survival advantages. They exhibit diverse types of glycans and demonstrate varied antimicrobial activity. Currently, there are 13 experimentally known glycocins, with over 250 identified in silico across different bacterial phyla. Notably, glycocins are recognized for their glycan-mediated antimicrobial activity, proving effective against drug-resistant and foodborne pathogens. Many glycocins contain rare S-linked glycans. Glycosyltransferases (GTs), responsible for transferring sugar to glycocins and involved in glycocin biosynthesis, often cluster together in the producer's genome. This clustering makes them valuable for custom glycoengineering with diverse substrate specificities. Heterologous expression of glycocins has paved the way for the establishment of microbial factories for glycopeptide and glycoconjugate production across various industries. In this review, we emphasize the primary roles of fully and partially characterized glycocins and their glycosylating enzymes. Additionally, we explore how specific glycan structures facilitate these functions in antibacterial activities. Furthermore, we discuss newer approaches and increasing efforts aimed at exploiting bacterial glycobiology for the development of food preservatives and as replacements or complements to traditional antibiotics, particularly in the face of antibiotic-resistant pathogenic bacteria.

中文翻译：

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糖素：糖类抗菌剂


被称为糖蛋白的基化细菌于 2011 年首次被发现。这些生物活性肽由细菌产生，以获得生存优势。它们表现出不同类型的聚糖并表现出不同的抗菌活性。目前，实验上已知的甘氨酸有 13 种，其中超过 250 种通过计算机技术鉴定出，分布在不同的细菌门中。值得注意的是，糖蛋白因其聚糖介导的抗菌活性而被认可，证明可有效对抗耐药性和食源性病原体。许多糖蛋白含有稀有的 S 连接聚糖。糖基转移酶 (GT) 负责将糖转移为甘氨酸并参与甘氨酸生物合成，通常在生产者的基因组中聚集在一起。这种聚类使它们对于具有不同底物特异性的定制糖工程有价值。糖蛋白的异源表达为建立各行业糖肽和糖复合物生产的微生物工厂铺平了道路。在这篇综述中，我们强调了完全和部分表征的糖蛋白及其糖基化酶的主要作用。此外，我们还探讨了特定的聚糖结构如何促进抗菌活性中的这些功能。此外，我们讨论了旨在利用细菌糖生物学来开发食品防腐剂并作为传统抗生素的替代品或补充物的新方法和不断努力，特别是面对抗生素耐药的病原菌。