The effects of harmful space radiation are one of the biggest concerns for future lunar explorers. Here, we use a data-validated model, the Radiation Environment and Dose on the Moon (REDMoon), to create mission schedules for different scenarios of lunar bases limited by radiation constraints. We consider habitats at the surface and subsurface of the Moon with different regolith and aluminium shielding using the last two solar cycles (2000–2022) as a baseline. The exposure due to background galactic cosmic rays (GCRs) is about 66% on the lunar surface than in interplanetary space and can even slightly increase beneath the surface before it decreases to a negligible value at about 3 m depth. If the shielding is insufficient, the surface dose during a single solar particle event could sometimes exceed annual GCR exposure, leading to an immediate replacement of the crew. Our work provides radiation-mitigation considerations for future human lunar bases and exploration cost estimates.

有害太空辐射的影响是未来月球探险者最关心的问题之一。在这里，我们使用经过数据验证的模型，即月球辐射环境和剂量 (REDMoon)，为受辐射约束的月球基地的不同场景创建任务计划。我们使用最后两个太阳周期（2000-2022）作为基线，考虑具有不同风化层和铝屏蔽的月球表面和次表面的栖息地。月球表面的背景银河宇宙射线 (GCR) 照射量约为行星际空间的 66%，甚至在地表以下还会略有增加，然后在约 3 米深度处降低至可忽略不计的值。如果屏蔽不足，单次太阳粒子事件期间的表面剂量有时可能会超过每年的 GCR 暴露量，从而导致机组人员立即更换。我们的工作为未来人类月球基地和探索成本估算提供了辐射缓解考虑因素。