The resurgence in antiracist activism and education brought with it the need to better understand what racism is and how it operates in the production of racial injustice. Prevailing theories understand racism as fundamentally structural, essentially cognitive, and requiring political philosophical investigation over moral philosophical investigation. Such theories are useful within limits, but ultimately offer an inaccurate or incomplete view of racism. In what follows, I offer a virtue-based account of racism that begins its genesis story with individuals, yet acknowledges and attends to the reality and severity of institutional and structural racism; is essentially both cognitive and non-cognitive; and, prioritizes moral philosophical investigation. Throughout, I apply my theory of racism to various spheres of human experience and history to demonstrate its ability to accurately and comprehensively capture the relevant entities and phenomena implicated in racism. In improving our understanding of racism, I aim to generate more targeted and comprehensive reform that effectively mitigates racism and promotes human and societal flourishing.

反种族主义活动和教育的复兴带来了更好地理解种族主义是什么以及它如何产生种族不公正的需要。主流理论将种族主义理解为根本上是结构性的、本质上是认知性的，并且需要政治哲学调查而不是道德哲学调查。这些理论在一定范围内有用，但最终提供了对种族主义的不准确或不完整的看法。在下文中，我对种族主义进行了基于美德的叙述，该叙述从个人的起源故事开始，但承认并关注制度性和结构性种族主义的现实和严重性；本质上是认知性的和非认知性的；并且，优先考虑道德哲学调查。自始至终，我将我的种族主义理论应用于人类经验和历史的各个领域，以证明其准确、全面地捕捉种族主义所涉及的相关实体和现象的能力。在提高我们对种族主义的理解时，我的目标是进行更有针对性和全面的改革，以有效减轻种族主义并促进人类和社会繁荣。