Diet has a pivotal role in shaping the composition, function and diversity of the gut microbiome, with various diets having a profound impact on the stability, functionality and diversity of the microbial community within our gut. Understanding the profound impact of varied diets on the microbiome is crucial, as it will enable us not only to make well-informed dietary decisions for better metabolic and intestinal health, but also to prevent and slow the onset of specific diet-related diseases that stem from suboptimal diets. In this Review, we explore how geographical location affects the gut microbiome and how different diets shape its composition and function. We examine the mechanisms by which whole dietary regimes, such as the Mediterranean diet, high-fibre diet, plant-based diet, high-protein diet, ketogenic diet and Western diet, influence the gut microbiome. Furthermore, we underscore the need for exhaustive studies to better understand the causal relationship between diet, host and microorganisms for the development of precision nutrition and microbiome-based therapies.

饮食在塑造肠道微生物组的组成、功能和多样性方面起着关键作用，各种饮食对我们肠道内微生物群落的稳定性、功能和多样性有着深远的影响。了解不同饮食对微生物组的深远影响至关重要，因为它不仅使我们能够做出明智的饮食决策以改善新陈代谢和肠道健康，还可以预防和减缓因饮食欠佳而引起的特定饮食相关疾病的发作。在这篇综述中，我们探讨了地理位置如何影响肠道微生物组，以及不同的饮食如何影响其组成和功能。我们研究了地中海饮食、高纤维饮食、植物性饮食、高蛋白饮食、生酮饮食和西方饮食等整体饮食方案影响肠道微生物组的机制。此外，我们强调需要进行详尽的研究，以更好地了解饮食、宿主和微生物之间的因果关系，以开发精准营养和基于微生物组的疗法。