BackgroundSymptoms of anxiety and attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are prospectively related from childhood to adolescence. However, whether the two dimensions of ADHD—inattention and hyperactivity‐impulsivity—are differentially related to anxiety and whether there are developmental and sex/gender differences in these relations are unknown.MethodsTwo birth cohorts of Norwegian children were assessed biennially from ages 4 to 16 (N = 1,077; 49% girls) with diagnostic parent interviews used to assess symptoms of anxiety and ADHD. Data were analyzed using a random intercept cross‐lagged panel model, adjusting for all unobserved time‐invariant confounding effects.ResultsIn girls, increased inattention, but not hyperactivity‐impulsivity, predicted increased anxiety 2 years later across all time‐points and increased anxiety at ages 12 and 14 predicted increased inattention but not hyperactivity‐impulsivity. In boys, increased hyperactivity‐impulsivity at ages 6 and 8, but not increased inattention, predicted increased anxiety 2 years later, whereas increased anxiety did not predict increased inattention or hyperactivity‐impulsivity.ConclusionsThe two ADHD dimensions were differentially related to anxiety, and the relations were sex‐specific. In girls, inattention may be involved in the development of anxiety throughout childhood and adolescence and anxiety may contribute to girls developing more inattention beginning in early adolescence. In boys, hyperactivity‐impulsivity may be involved in the development of anxiety during the early school years. Effective treatment of inattention symptoms in girls may reduce anxiety risk at all time‐points, while addressing anxiety may decrease inattention during adolescence. Similarly, treating hyperactivity‐impulsivity may reduce anxiety risk in boys during late childhood (at ages 8–10).

中文翻译：

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从学龄前到青春期的注意力缺陷/多动与焦虑症维度之间的相互关系：出生队列样本中的性别差异


背景焦虑和注意力缺陷/多动障碍（ADHD）的症状从儿童期到青春期都存在相关性。然而，ADHD 的两个维度——注意力不集中和多动-冲动——是否与焦虑有不同的相关性，以及这些关系中是否存在发育和性别/性别差异尚不清楚。方法对 4 至 16 岁的挪威儿童的两个出生队列每两年进行一次评估（氮= 1,077； 49% 的女孩）通过诊断性家长访谈来评估焦虑和多动症的症状。使用随机截距交叉滞后面板模型对数据进行分析，调整所有未观察到的时间不变混杂效应。结果在女孩中，注意力不集中增加，但多动冲动没有增加，预测 2 年后所有时间点的焦虑都会增加，并且在12 岁和 14 岁预测注意力不集中的情况会增加，但多动冲动不会增加。在男孩中，6 岁和 8 岁时多动冲动增加，但注意力不集中的情况并未增加，预示着 2 年后焦虑的增加，而焦虑的增加并不能预测注意力不集中或多动冲动的增加。 结论 两个 ADHD 维度与焦虑有不同的相关性，并且关系是有性别特异性的。对于女孩来说，注意力不集中可能与整个童年和青春期焦虑的发展有关，而焦虑可能会导致女孩从青春期早期开始出现更多的注意力不集中。对于男孩来说，多动冲动可能与学龄早期焦虑的发展有关。有效治疗女孩注意力不集中症状可能会降低所有时间点的焦虑风险，而解决焦虑可能会减少青春期期间的注意力不集中。 同样，治疗多动冲动可能会降低男孩在童年后期（8-10 岁）的焦虑风险。