Background: Climate change is expected to greatly increase exposure to flooding, particularly in urban populations in low- and middle-income countries. We examined within-city social disparities in exposure to flooding in 276 Latin American cities and associated features of the neighborhood urban environment. Methods: We used a spatially granular dataset of historical flood events from 2000 to 2018 to describe neighborhood flooding within cities across eight Latin American countries (Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Mexico, and Panama). We estimated the percentage of the population living in flooded neighborhoods, described social disparities in flooding based on neighborhood educational attainment, and compared the magnitude of disparities across and within cities. We used multilevel models to examine how city- and neighborhood-level factors are related to neighborhood flooding. Results: We examined 44,698 neighborhoods in 276 cities from eight countries with a total of 223 million residents and 117 distinct flood events from 2000-2018. One in four residents in neighborhoods in the lowest education quintile lived in neighborhoods with flooding, compared to one in 20 residents of the highest neighborhood education quintile. Greater neighborhood flooding was associated with lower neighborhood-level educational attainment and with neighborhoods that were coastal, less dense (population or intersection), further from the city center, greener, and had steeper slopes. There was no association between city-level educational attainment and flooding. Conclusion: There are large social disparities in neighborhood flooding within Latin American cities. Residents of areas with lower education attainment face substantially higher risks of flooding. Policymakers must prioritize flood adaptation and recovery efforts in neighborhoods with lower socioeconomic position.

中文翻译：

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八个拉丁美洲国家 276 个城市 44,698 个社区的洪水暴露社会差异及其与城市环境的关联


背景：气候变化预计将大大增加洪水风险，尤其是低收入和中等收入国家的城市人口。我们研究了 276 个拉丁美洲城市遭受洪水影响的城市内社会差异以及邻近城市环境的相关特征。方法：我们使用 2000 年至 2018 年历史洪水事件的空间粒度数据集来描述八个拉丁美洲国家（阿根廷、巴西、智利、哥伦比亚、哥斯达黎加、危地马拉、墨西哥和巴拿马）城市内的社区洪水。我们估计了居住在被洪水淹没的社区的人口百分比，根据社区受教育程度描述了洪水中的社会差异，并比较了城市之间和城市内部的差异程度。我们使用多层次模型来研究城市和社区层面的因素与社区洪水的关系。结果：我们研究了 2000 年至 2018 年期间 8 个国家 276 个城市的 44,698 个社区，共有 2.23 亿居民和 117 起不同的洪水事件。受教育程度最低的五分之一社区中有四分之一的居民居住在遭受洪水侵袭的社区，而受教育程度最高的五分之一社区的居民只有二十分之一居住在遭受洪水侵袭的社区。更大的社区洪水与社区教育程度较低以及沿海、人口或交叉口密度较低、距离市中心较远、绿化程度较高且坡度较陡的社区有关。城市教育水平与洪水之间没有关联。结论：拉丁美洲城市的社区洪水问题存在巨大的社会差异。受教育程度较低地区的居民面临的洪水风险要高得多。 政策制定者必须优先考虑社会经济地位较低的社区的洪水适应和恢复工作。