In the last few years, the proliferation of digital labour platforms has led to the transformation of business models and labour relations in an increasing number of economic activities, including highly feminized and informal traditional sectors, such as care and domestic work. Drawing on an analysis of 37 digital care platforms in Spain, this research compares the distinctive features and structural power dynamics they engender, and it constructs a taxonomy of business models of these care platforms. By analysing the main features of their operational models, we are capable of distinguishing three main types of platforms: marketplace, on‐demand, and digital placement agencies. First, the paper argues that the distinctive features of each digital platform business model have differentiated impacts on working conditions in terms of access to tasks, remuneration, flexibility and means of control. This differentiation allows us to understand what is transformative and what is continuous in platforms' precarization or formalisation of care work and working conditions of carers, mainly women and migrants. Each business model has its differentiated outcomes in terms of labour control and reorganization of women's and migrants' reproductive work. Second, more broadly, while digital care platforms may have contributed to facilitating workers' access to jobs, reducing transaction costs and standardising processes, this has often been through the creation of more flexible and insecure forms of work and to increased market pressures. Therefore, this study contributes to existing research addressing the degree of formalization of labour relations in digital platform work through a nuanced analysis of their business models.

中文翻译：

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西班牙数字护理平台商业模式分类


在过去几年中，数字劳动力平台的激增导致越来越多的经济活动中的商业模式和劳动关系发生转变，包括高度女性化和非正式的传统部门，例如护理和家政工作。本研究通过对西班牙 37 个数字护理平台的分析，比较了它们所产生的独特特征和结构性权力动态，并构建了这些护理平台的商业模式分类。通过分析其运营模式的主要特征，我们能够区分三种主要类型的平台：市场平台、按需平台和数字安置机构。首先，本文认为，每种数字平台商业模式的独特特征在获得任务、报酬、灵活性和控制手段方面对工作条件有不同的影响。这种差异使我们能够了解平台对护理工作的不稳定或正规化以及护理人员（主要是妇女和移民）的工作条件而言，什么是变革性的，什么是连续性的。每种商业模式在劳动力控制以及妇女和移民生殖工作的重组方面都有其不同的结果。其次，更广泛地说，虽然数字护理平台可能有助于促进工人获得工作、降低交易成本和标准化流程，但这往往是通过创造更灵活和不安全的工作形式以及增加市场压力来实现的。因此，本研究通过对数字平台工作的商业模式进行细致入微的分析，为解决数字平台工作中劳动关系正规化程度的现有研究做出了贡献。