The development of direct-ink-write (DIW) 3D printing conducting polymer gels with remarkable mechanical properties, satisfactory conductivity, and customized three-dimensional structures is in high demand for next-generation wearable strain sensors, yet challenging due to the difficulty of preparing conducting polymer solutions with high concentrations. Herein, a novel cellulose nanocrystal (CNC)-regulated polyaniline (PANI) composite ink for DIW 3D printing customized wearable strain sensors with high stretchability and hierarchical conducting networks is fabricated. With the employment of CNC as a stabilizer to regulate the intermolecular interactions, the in-situ polymerized composite ink achieves well-dispersed PANI and abundant reversible intermolecular interactions, which is favorable for DIW 3D printing PANI composite gel with tailored planar patterns of high geometric accuracy. Benefiting from the hierarchical gel frameworks and abundant non-covalent interactions within the PANI-based composite ink, the PANI composite gel exhibits remarkable stretchability, promising low-temperature tolerance and excellent strain sensing performance. Due to its unique wavy mesh structure, the DIW-printed PANI composite gel-based wearable strain sensor is more sensitive and can accurately detect changes in the human body. This work aims to expedite the advancement of DIW printing conducting polymer gel for the development of personalized wearable strain sensors and advanced flexible electronics.

中文翻译：

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具有分层导电网络的高拉伸聚苯胺凝胶的直接墨水写入 3D 打印，用于定制可穿戴应变传感器


开发具有卓越机械性能、令人满意的导电性和定制三维结构的直接墨水写入（DIW）3D打印导电聚合物凝胶对于下一代可穿戴应变传感器有很高的需求，但由于制备困难而具有挑战性高浓度的导电聚合物溶液。在此，制造了一种新型纤维素纳米晶体（CNC）调节的聚苯胺（PANI）复合墨水，用于 DIW 3D 打印定制可穿戴应变传感器，具有高拉伸性和分层导电网络。采用CNC作为稳定剂调节分子间相互作用，原位聚合复合油墨实现了良好分散的PANI和丰富的可逆分子间相互作用，有利于DIW 3D打印具有高几何精度的定制平面图案的PANI复合凝胶。得益于聚苯胺基复合油墨中的分层凝胶框架和丰富的非共价相互作用，聚苯胺复合凝胶表现出卓越的拉伸性、良好的低温耐受性和优异的应变传感性能。由于其独特的波浪状网状结构，DIW印刷的PANI复合凝胶基可穿戴应变传感器更加灵敏，可以准确检测人体的变化。这项工作旨在加快 DIW 打印导电聚合物凝胶的进展，以开发个性化可穿戴应变传感器和先进的柔性电子产品。