Twenty-five L1 Nepali speaking participants living in Trondheim, Norway who spoke English as L2 and Norwegian as L3 (late adult learners) participated in this study. Participants’ L2 proficiency was established as advanced in LexTALE. We administered language comprehension and production tasks in a trilingual design. In a mouse tracking trilingual parallel activation experiment, participants performed a language comprehension task in which they listened to the spoken word in their L1, L2 and L3 and clicked on the matching target picture. Mouse trajectories of their response pattern were recorded and analyzed. The language production task included a phonological and a semantic verbal fluency task (VFT), which also served as an executive control task. VFT showed their dominance in L1 and L2 compared to L3. This study contributes novel knowledge on trilingual parallel activation and suggests that in the presence of a non-dominant L3, a dominant L1 and a dominant L2 are processed faster than the non-dominant language in phonologically competing conditions.

中文翻译：

---

三语言并行处理：主导语言是否吸引了所有注意力？

居住在挪威特隆赫姆的 25 名母语尼泊尔语、英语为 L2、挪威语为 L3 的参与者（晚期成人学习者）参与了这项研究。参与者的 L2 熟练程度在 LexTALE 中被确定为高级。我们以三语设计来管理语言理解和生产任务。在小鼠跟踪三语并行激活实验中，参与者执行语言理解任务，其中他们听 L1、L2 和 L3 中的口语单词，然后单击匹配的目标图片。记录并分析小鼠反应模式的轨迹。语言产生任务包括语音和语义言语流畅性任务（VFT），它也充当执行控制任务。与 L3 相比，VFT 在 L1 和 L2 中表现出主导地位。这项研究贡献了关于三语并行激活的新知识，并表明在存在非主导 L3 的情况下，在语音竞争条件下，主导 L1 和主导 L2 的处理速度比非主导语言更快。