This article discusses the history and status quo of traditional tourism motivation theories as well as their shortcomings. By adopting a collective approach to motivation, this study proposes a framework that examines tourism motivations from a complex adaptive system's perspective. To conduct this study, the destination-motivation semantic system was designed as a bipartite scale-free network that takes in inputs such as values, costs, benefits, experiences, reasons to avoid/approach, attitudes, and expectations, and delivers the outputs of motivational force (valence) and destination utility. Next, by employing expectancy and utility theories and applying the principles of information theory, statistical mechanics, and thermodynamics, several appraisals were developed to determine the system's state, structure, and functionality. Finally, a toy model that presents the empirical proof of the proposed framework is depicted.

中文翻译：

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旅游动机：复杂的适应系统

本文探讨了传统旅游动机理论的历史和现状以及其缺陷。通过采用集体的动机方法，本研究提出了一个从复杂适应性系统的角度审视旅游动机的框架。为了进行这项研究，目的地动机语义系统被设计为一个二分无标度网络，它接收诸如价值、成本、收益、经验、避免/接近的原因、态度和期望等输入，并提供输出动机力（价）和目的地效用。接下来，通过采用期望和效用理论，并应用信息论、统计力学和热力学原理，开发了几种评估方法来确定系统的状态、结构和功能。最后，描述了一个玩具模型，该模型提供了所提出框架的经验证明。