Knowing the sentence structures (i.e., information that guides the assembly of words into sentences) is crucial in language knowledge. This knowledge must be stable for successful communication, but when learning another language that uses different structures, speakers must adjust their structural knowledge. Here, we examine how newly acquired second language (L2) knowledge influences first language (L1) structure knowledge. We compared two groups of Korean speakers: Korean-immersed speakers living in Korea (with little English exposure) versus English-immersed speakers who acquired English late and were living in the US (with more English exposure). We used acceptability judgment and sentence production tasks on Korean sentences in English and Korean word orders. Results suggest that acceptability and structural usage in L1 change after exposure to L2, but not in a way that matches L2 structures. Instead, L2 exposure might lead to increased difficulties in the selection and retrieval of word orders while using L1.

中文翻译：

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长期沉浸在第二语言中后母语的结构表征：来自可接受性判断和记忆回忆的证据

了解句子结构（即指导单词组装成句子的信息）对于语言知识至关重要。这些知识必须稳定才能成功沟通，但是当学习使用不同结构的另一种语言时，说话者必须调整其结构知识。在这里，我们研究新获得的第二语言（L2）知识如何影响第一语言（L1）结构知识。我们比较了两组韩语使用者：生活在韩国的韩语使用者（很少接触英语）和生活在美国的英语使用者，他们学习英语较晚（接触英语较多）。我们对英语和韩语词序中的韩语句子进行了可接受性判断和句子生成任务。结果表明，在接触 L2 后，L1 的可接受性和结构使用发生了变化，但与 L2 结构不匹配。相反，接触 L2 可能会导致使用 L1 时选择和检索词序的困难增加。