Human habitation and adaptation to extreme environments have a deep history in anthropological research. Anthropologists’ understanding of these ecological pressures and how humans respond to them has grown substantially over the last 100+ years. This review covers long-standing knowledge on adaptation to classic extreme conditions of heat, cold, and high altitude, while also updating the areas in which recent research has broadened our understanding of human adaptation, acclimatization, and resilience. Unfortunately, the intersecting stresses of structural inequality and climate change have made these extremes more extreme, with drastic negative impacts on health and well-being. Future research will need to explore how extreme environments, structural inequality, and climate change are embodied as well as mitigated so that humans are better prepared to face a rapidly changing world.

中文翻译：

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极端环境下的人体


人类的居住和对极端环境的适应在人类学研究中有着悠久的历史。在过去 100 多年里，人类学家对这些生态压力以及人类如何应对这些压力的理解有了很大的发展。这篇综述涵盖了关于适应炎热、寒冷和高海拔等经典极端条件的长期知识，同时还更新了最近的研究拓宽了我们对人类适应、适应和恢复能力的理解的领域。不幸的是，结构性不平等和气候变化的交叉压力使这些极端情况变得更加极端，对健康和福祉产生了巨大的负面影响。未来的研究需要探索极端环境、结构性不平等和气候变化是如何体现和缓解的，以便人类更好地准备面对快速变化的世界。