The paper explores the evolution of private powers in the digital landscape, developing a quadrangular systematisation of such a phenomenon based on four main aspects: space, values, (private) actors, and (digital) constitutional remedies. Taking a trans-Atlantic approach, the paper shows how these categories, typical of constitutionalism, apply to the context of the Internet and of new digital technologies both in the United States and in Europe. On the one hand, the United States has up to now maintained the supremacy of the notorious Section 230 of the Communications Decency Act. On the other hand, European legislation has undergone a significant change, moving from a phase of digital liberalism, of which the 2000 E-Commerce Directive is the emblem, towards a new era of digital constitutionalism, passing through the age of judicial activism of European courts. In this sense, Europe has increasingly attempted to introduce limits to private (digital) powers, with a view to better protect and enforce (also horizontally) users' fundamental rights. Additionally, the evolution of digital constitutionalism, from a vertical-sectoral approach to a horizontal and procedure-based one, significantly showcased by the recent Digital Services Package, is underscored, signalling the recent movement of the EU into its second phase of digital constitutionalism. In this respect, the paper argues that the great benefit of stressing the procedural dimension, which may be defined as a European application of “due (data) process” to the relationship between individuals and private powers, is that it is potentially able to help consolidate a (necessary) trans-Atlantic bridge.

中文翻译：

---

数字权力几何形状的四边形和走向程序数字宪政主义

本文探讨了数字景观中私人权力的演变，并基于四个主要方面对这种现象进行了四边形系统化：空间、价值观、（私人）参与者和（数字）宪法补救措施。本文采用跨大西洋的方法，展示了这些典型的宪政主义类别如何应用于美国和欧洲的互联网和新数字技术的背景。一方面，美国至今仍维持着臭名昭著的《通信规范法》第230条的至高地位。另一方面，欧洲立法也发生了重大变化，从以2000年《电子商务指令》为标志的数字自由主义阶段，迈向数字宪政新时代，经历了欧洲司法能动主义时代。法庭。从这个意义上说，欧洲越来越多地尝试对私人（数字）权力进行限制，以更好地保护和执行（也是横向的）用户的基本权利。此外，还强调了数字宪政的演变，从垂直部门方法到横向和基于程序的方法，最近的数字服务包显着展示了这一点，标志着欧盟最近进入数字宪政第二阶段。在这方面，本文认为，强调程序维度的巨大好处在于，它可能能够帮助欧洲人将“正当（数据）程序”应用于个人与私人权力之间的关系。巩固一座（必要的）跨大西洋大桥。