3D nanoparticles are important as reinforcing or functional phase in polymer composite materials; however, an optimised deagglomeration and uniform distribution of these particles is required to fully exploit their nanoscale properties. Classical dispersion methods like shear mixing have proven insufficient, and high-energy ultrasonication, as the preferred deagglomeration method, requires a challenging system-specific optimisation procedure. Therefore, a study was set up to reveal general scaling trends and good practices in developing an ultrasonication procedure for both thermoplastic and thermoset polymer-nanoparticle systems. The ultrasound energy density served as a universal scaling parameter and the higher power densities in the range of 1W/ml achieved by sonotrode ultrasonication were demonstrated to be necessary for complete deagglomeration. For epoxy and barium titanate (BaTiO₃) as a below-percolation thermoset model system, an optimal energy density of 120 J/g was observed. Polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) and titanium carbonitride (TiCN) were selected as an above-percolation model thermoplastic system for which ultrasonication in suspension at an energy density of 950 J/ml followed by a crucial rotary evaporation step was necessary. X-ray computed tomography imaging has proven to be a powerful characterisation tool in combination with the matrix-free path diameter. This parameter was proposed as a novel parameter for single-parameter quantification of particle dispersibility as opposed to the commonly used and often inconclusive average cluster diameter.

3D纳米粒子作为聚合物复合材料中的增强相或功能相非常重要；然而，为了充分利用它们的纳米级特性，需要对这些颗粒进行优化的解聚和均匀分布。剪切混合等经典分散方法已被证明是不够的，而高能超声波作为首选的解聚方法，需要具有挑战性的系统特定优化程序。因此，开展了一项研究，以揭示热塑性和热固性聚合物纳米颗粒系统超声波处理过程的一般结垢趋势和良好实践。超声波能量密度作为通用缩放参数，并且通过超声焊极超声处理实现的 1W/ml 范围内的较高功率密度被证明对于完全解聚是必要的。对于环氧树脂和钛酸钡 (BaTiO₃) 作为低于渗透热固性模型系统，观察到最佳能量密度为 120 J/g。选择聚偏二氟乙烯 (PVDF) 和碳氮化钛 (TiCN) 作为上述渗透模型热塑性系统，需要在悬浮液中以 950 J/ml 的能量密度进行超声处理，然后进行关键的旋转蒸发步骤。X射线计算机断层事实证明，成像与无基体路径直径相结合是一种强大的表征工具。该参数被提议作为颗粒分散性单参数量化的新参数，而不是常用且通常不确定的平均簇直径。