Although microbiome science is relatively young, our knowledge of human-microbiome interactions is growing rapidly and has already begun to transform our understanding of human ecology and evolution. Here we summarize our current understanding of three-way interactions between the gut microbiota, human ecology, and human evolution. We review the factors driving microbiome variation within and between individuals and populations, as well as comparative data from nonhuman primates that allow a more direct examination of microbial relationships with host ecology and evolution. Collectively, these data sets can help illuminate generalizable principles governing host-microbiome-environment interactions, the processes contributing to bidirectional influences between the human gut microbiota and the human ecological niche, and past changes in the human microbiome that may have harbored consequences for human adaptation. Developing richer insight into host-microbiome-environment interactions will ultimately broaden our view of human biology and its response to changing environments.

中文翻译：

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肠道微生物与人类生态和进化的交叉点


尽管微生物组科学相对年轻，但我们对人类与微生物组相互作用的了解正在迅速增长，并且已经开始改变我们对人类生态和进化的理解。在这里，我们总结了目前对肠道微生物群、人类生态和人类进化之间三向相互作用的理解。我们回顾了驱动个体和群体内部以及个体和群体之间微生物组变化的因素，以及来自非人类灵长类动物的比较数据，这些数据可以更直接地检查微生物与宿主生态和进化的关系。总的来说，这些数据集可以帮助阐明控制宿主-微生物组-环境相互作用的普遍原则，促进人类肠道微生物群和人类生态位之间双向影响的过程，以及人类微生物组过去的变化可能对人类适应产生影响。对宿主-微生物组-环境相互作用进行更丰富的了解将最终拓宽我们对人类生物学及其对不断变化的环境的响应的看法。