Here we review present knowledge of the long-term behaviour of solar activity on a multi-millennial timescale, as reconstructed using the indirect proxy method. The concept of solar activity is discussed along with an overview of the dedicated indices used to quantify different aspects of variable solar activity, with special emphasis on sunspot numbers. Over long timescales, quantitative information about past solar activity is historically obtained using a method based on indirect proxies, such as cosmogenic isotopes \(^{14}\)C and \(^{10}\)Be in natural stratified archives (e.g., tree rings or ice cores). We give a historical overview of the development of the proxy-based method for past solar-activity reconstruction over millennia, as well as a description of the modern state of the art. Special attention is paid to the verification and cross-calibration of reconstructions. It is argued that the method of cosmogenic isotopes makes a solid basis for studies of solar variability in the past on a long timescale (centuries to millennia) during the Holocene (the past \(\sim \)12 millennia). A separate section is devoted to reconstructions of extremely rare solar eruptive events in the past, based on both cosmogenic-proxy data in terrestrial and lunar natural archives, as well as statistics of sun-like stars. Finally, the main features of the long-term evolution of solar magnetic activity, including the statistics of grand minima and maxima occurrence, are summarized and their possible implications, especially for solar/stellar dynamo theory, are discussed.

在这里，我们回顾了使用间接代理方法重建的数千年时间尺度上太阳活动长期行为的现有知识。讨论了太阳活动的概念，并概述了用于量化可变太阳活动不同方面的专用指数，特别强调了太阳黑子数量。在很长的时间尺度上，过去太阳活动的定量信息历史上是使用基于间接代理的方法获得的，例如宇宙成因同位素\(^{14}\) C 和\(^{10}\)存在于自然分层档案中（例如、树木年轮或冰芯）。我们对过去数千年来基于代理的太阳活动重建方法的发展进行了历史概述，并对现代技术水平进行了描述。特别关注重建的验证和交叉校准。有人认为，宇宙成因同位素方法为全新世（过去\(\sim\) 12千年）期间长时间尺度（几个世纪到几千年）太阳变率的研究奠定了坚实的基础。一个单独的部分致力于根据陆地和月球自然档案中的宇宙成因代理数据以及类太阳恒星的统计数据来重建过去极其罕见的太阳喷发事件。最后，总结了太阳磁活动长期演化的主要特征，包括极小值和极大值出现的统计，并讨论了它们可能的含义，特别是对太阳/恒星发电机理论的影响。