The environmental responsiveness of smart responsive gels under specific conditions has attracted great attention in recent years. In this paper, we have investigated the preparation of previously unreported electric field/temperature-sensitive three-dimensional graphene oxide hydrogels and their transdermal absorption studies, choosing indapamide (IND) as a model drug. Three-dimensional graphene oxide (3D@GO) has a unique three-dimensional network-like structure, excellent electrical properties, and mechanical properties. Three-dimensional graphene oxide network structures were prepared based on graphene oxide (GO) with the addition of formaldehyde, resorcinol, and sodium carbonate as reactants and catalysts. 3D@GO was compounded with a temperature-sensitive gel matrix, hydroxybutyl chitosan (HBC), to obtain a temperature-sensitive composite hydrogel with enhanced mechanical, electrical, and thermal properties. After applying 3D@GO–HBC to the skin, it can rapidly convert from liquid to semi-solid and adhere to the skin at the skin temperature. It can also be used as a carrier for controlled drug release under electric field conditions. This study of transdermal-controlled release drug delivery under electric field modulation showed that the cumulative release values of IND were 2.02 μg/cm², 2.21 μg/cm², 2.45 μg/cm², 2.85 μg/cm² , and 3.16 μg/cm² in 24 h under the application of electric fields of 0 μA, 50 μA, 100 μA, 150 μA and 200 μA, respectively. The results indicated that 3D@GO–HBC hydrogels have good electrical sensitivity and can enhance the cumulative transdermal release of drugs under electric field conditions, providing an advantage not previously reported for controlled release of drugs.

近年来，智能响应凝胶在特定条件下的环境响应能力引起了人们的极大关注。在本文中，我们研究了以前未报道的电场/温度敏感三维氧化石墨烯水凝胶的制备及其透皮吸收研究，选择吲达帕胺（IND）作为模型药物。三维氧化石墨烯（3D@GO）具有独特的三维网络状结构、优异的电学性能和机械性能。基于氧化石墨烯 (GO)，加入甲醛、间苯二酚和碳酸钠作为反应物和催化剂，制备了三维氧化石墨烯网络结构。3D@GO 与温度敏感的凝胶基质羟丁基壳聚糖 (HBC) 复合，以获得具有增强的机械、电气和热性能的温度敏感复合水凝胶。将 3D@GO–HBC 涂抹在皮肤上后，它可以迅速从液体转变为半固体，并在皮肤温度下粘附在皮肤上。也可作为电场条件下控释药物的载体。电场调制下透皮控释给药研究表明，IND的累积释放值为2.02 μ g/cm ² , 2.21  μ g/cm ² , 2.45  μ g/cm ² , 2.85  μ g/cm ² , 3.16  μ g/cm ^2在0 μ A, 50  μ A电场作用下24 h  A，分别为 100  μ A、150  μ A 和 200  μ A。结果表明，3D@GO-HBC 水凝胶具有良好的电敏感性，可以增强药物在电场条件下的累积透皮释放，为药物的控释提供了之前未曾报道过的优势。