In nonlinear optics, nanohybrids from the functionalization of graphene and organic molecules can be an interesting area of research. In this work, nanohybrid materials consisting of pyrene conjugated peripheral phthalocyanines and non-peripheral phthalocyanines, which are non-covalently attached to the graphene exhibit broadband optical characteristics and broadband limiting optical behavior through a two-photon absorption process with a high degree of transparency. For confirming non-covalent functionalization, optical as well as spectroscopic studies like UV–vis absorption, fluorescence studies, transient absorption, FTIR, XPS, Raman, AFM techniques, etc., were employed. Distinct morphologies are observed for these nanohybrids, such as -nanohybrids with a cylindrical shape in the non-peripheral case whereas a conical shaped nanohybrids in the peripheral case. Furthermore, Raman studies reveal a shift of 8 cm⁻¹ for the 2D peak of both nanohybrids in comparison with that of graphene confirms the strong π-π interaction, which is the maximum shift in a non-covalent interaction between pyrene attached graphene. In a major finding, a donor-acceptor combination is established in these nanohybrids, which makes them important nonlinear optical materials. The nonlinear absorption coefficients of 112 ± 7 cm/GW and 228 ± 12 cm/GW were obtained for these nanohybrids. Compared to the existing reported values, these nanohybrids with the minimum linear absorption coefficient (1.15 cm⁻¹ and 1.25 cm⁻¹), display broadband nonlinear optical characteristics with low optical limiting thresholds (0.9 and 0.83 Jcm⁻²), which is achieved through the transfer of electrons from Pc core to pyrene anchored graphene, enable them standout candidates for photonic applications.

在非线性光学中，石墨烯和有机分子功能化的纳米杂化物可能是一个有趣的研究领域。在这项工作中，由芘共轭外围酞菁和非外围酞菁组成的纳米杂化材料非共价连接到石墨烯上，通过具有高度透明度的双光子吸收过程表现出宽带光学特性和宽带限制光学行为。为了确认非共价功能化，采用了光学和光谱研究，如紫外-可见吸收、荧光研究、瞬态吸收、FTIR、XPS、拉曼、AFM 技术等。观察到这些纳米杂化物的不同形态，例如在非外围情况下具有圆柱形形状的纳米混合体，而在外围情况下是锥形纳米混合体。此外，拉曼研究揭示了 8 厘米的偏移^{与石墨烯相比，两种纳米杂化物的 2D 峰-1}证实了强 π-π 相互作用，这是芘附着的石墨烯之间非共价相互作用的最大偏移。在一项重大发现中，在这些纳米杂化物中建立了供体-受体组合，这使它们成为重要的非线性光学材料。这些纳米杂化物的非线性吸收系数分别为 112 ± 7 cm/GW 和 228 ± 12 cm/GW。与现有报道的值相比，这些具有最小线性吸收系数（1.15 cm ^-1和 1.25 cm ^-1）的纳米杂化物显示出具有低光学限制阈值（0.9 和 0.83 Jcm ^{-2 ）的宽带非线性光学特性})，这是通过将电子从 Pc 核心转移到芘锚定的石墨烯来实现的，使它们成为光子应用的杰出候选者。