A simple model accounting for semantic properties of propositional attitude operators in negative contexts with no reference to possible worlds is proposed. Verbs occurring in such operators denote relations between individuals and specific sets of sentences (of a given natural language) and their negation is defined as the complement within a specific set of cognitively determined sentences. This approach avoids in particular the problem of intensionality of propositional attitude operators and allows to use many tools from the generalised quantifier theory. In that way the negation giving rise to factive presuppositions and to the neg-raising is defined in a natural way.

提出了一个简单的模型，用于解释否定上下文中命题态度算子的语义属性，而不涉及可能的世界。此类运算符中出现的动词表示个体与（给定自然语言的）特定句子集之间的关系，并且它们的否定被定义为认知确定的特定句子集中的补语。这种方法特别避免了命题态度算子的内涵性问题，并允许使用广义量词理论中的许多工具。这样，产生事实预设和否定引发的否定就以自然的方式被定义。