Between the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, European empires extended their rule over most of the Muslim world. The present article argues that these empires promoted three interrelated political discourses; namely, a discourse on utilitarianism, a discourse on civilizational progress, and a discourse on liberal imperialism. The empires also encouraged Islamic reform movements, which entailed cooperation between Muslim thinkers, European officials, liberal intellectuals, and Orientalists. Reform movements legitimated the three aforementioned discourses in terms of premodern Islamic religious concepts (e.g. ʿaql, maṣlaḥa, maqāṣid al-šarīʿa, iǧtihād, taqlīd). These concepts were reinterpreted and tacitly linked to imperial policies concerning race, technology, industrial capitalism, and authoritarian violence. The article examines this process by considering the British Empire, and its relationship to Islamic reform projects in India and Egypt. The article discusses nineteenth century British political discourses as developed in the writings of Jeremy Bentham, James Mill, John Stuart Mill, and Herbert Spencer. The article then discusses Islamic reform in India, focusing on the Muslim thinkers Sayyid Aḥmad Ḫān and Amīr ʿAlī, as well as their relationships with British figures like William Muir and John Strachey. Next the article discusses Islamic reform in Egypt, focusing on the Muslim thinkers Muḥammad ʿAbduh and Rašīd Riḍā as well as their relationships with British figures like Lord Cromer and Wilfrid Scawen Blunt.

中文翻译：

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重新定义殖民时期伊斯兰教的全球转型：英国统治下的印度和埃及的早期伊斯兰教改革

在 19 世纪末和 20 世纪初之间，欧洲帝国将他们的统治扩展到穆斯林世界的大部分地区。本文认为，这些帝国促进了三种相互关联的政治话语；即功利主义话语、文明进步话语、自由帝国主义话语。帝国还鼓励伊斯兰改革运动，这需要穆斯林思想家、欧洲官员、自由派知识分子和东方学家之间的合作。改革运动根据前现代伊斯兰宗教概念（例如ʿaql, maṣlaḥa, maqāṣid al-šarīʿa, iǧtihād, taqlīd). 这些概念被重新解释并与有关种族、技术、工业资本主义和专制暴力的帝国政策默契地联系在一起。本文通过考虑大英帝国及其与印度和埃及伊斯兰改革项目的关系来审视这一过程。这篇文章讨论了杰里米·边沁 (Jeremy Bentham)、詹姆斯·米尔 (James Mill)、约翰·斯图尔特·米尔 (John Stuart Mill) 和赫伯特·斯宾塞 (Herbert Spencer) 的著作中发展起来的 19 世纪英国政治话语。文章随后讨论了印度的伊斯兰改革，重点关注穆斯林思想家 Sayyid Aḥmad Ḫān 和 Amīr ʿAlī，以及他们与 William Muir 和 John Strachey 等英国人物的关系。接下来文章讨论了埃及的伊斯兰改革，