Understanding root nutrient resorption strategies and their drivers is essential to explore plant nutrient acquisition strategies in restored ecosystems. However, the interaction between root nutrient resorption and the nutrient utilization of rhizosphere soil microorganisms in restored ecosystems has yet to be determined. In this study, we investigated plant fine roots and rhizosphere soils in Robinia pseudoacacia plantations at four stages of forest succession (14, 20, 30, and 45 years of age) on the Loess Plateau in China. We studied the characteristics of root nitrogen and phosphorus resorption efficiencies (NRE and PRE) at different recovery stages and analyzed the relationships among nutrient resorption and rhizosphere soil variables (nutrients and microbial communities). We detected a tendency of an initial reduction and subsequent increase in root NRE and PRE with stand age (the lowest value at 30-y sites), whereas the nutrient contents of rhizosphere soil increased with stand age, and soil available nutrients initially increased and then declined. The diversity of rhizosphere soil microorganisms also showed an initial increase and subsequent decline. Proteobacteria were considered to be at an advantage during the nutrient-rich stage of restoration (30-y sites), whereas Acidobacteria were found to be dominant during the low-nutrient restoration stage (14-y sites). Furthermore, the microbial nutrient utilization ratios of soil microbial biomass carbon: soil organic carbon, microbial biomass nitrogen: soil total nitrogen, and microbial biomass phosphorus: soil total phosphorus also showed an initial increase and then decreased (with peaks at the 30-y sites). Redundancy analysis indicated that the nutrient contents of rhizosphere soil were significantly related to microbial communities and correlation analysis revealed that microbial nutrient-use efficiencies were significantly related to rhizosphere soil nutrient contents and the dominant microbial communities. We also detected a significant negative correlation between root nutrient resorption and microbial nutrient utilization. Partial least squares path modeling revealed that forest restoration influences the contents of nutrients in rhizosphere soil and the composition of microbial communities, whereas microbial biomass and nutrient utilization efficiency were shown to have a negative effect on root resorption efficiency. Based on our findings, we propose that the highly conservative nutrient utilization strategies of the rhizosphere soil microbial community may negatively drive root nutrient resorption strategies during the succession of R. pseudoacacia.