Recent progress of graphene oxide as a potential vaccine carrier and adjuvant.,Acta Biomaterialia

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Recent progress of graphene oxide as a potential vaccine carrier and adjuvant.
Acta Biomaterialia ( IF 9.4 ) Pub Date : 2020-06-10 , DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2020.06.009
Wanjun Cao ₁ , Lin He ₂ , Weidong Cao ₃ , Xiaobing Huang ₂ , Kun Jia ₄ , Jingying Dai ₂

Affiliation

Vaccine is one of the most effective strategies for preventing and controlling infectious diseases and some noninfectious diseases, especially cancers. Adjuvants and carriers have been appropriately added to the vaccine formulation to improve the immunogenicity of the antigen and induce long-lasting immunity. However, there is an urgent need to develop new all-purpose adjuvants because some adjuvants approved for human use have limited functionality. Graphene oxide (GO), widely employed for the delivery of biomolecules, excels in loading and delivering antigen and shows the potentiality of activating the immune system. However, GO aggregates in biological liquid and induces cell death, and it also exhibits poor biosolubility and biocompatibility. To address these limitations, various surface modification protocols have been employed to integrate aqueous compatible substances with GO to effectively improve its biocompatibility. More importantly, these modifications render functionalized-GO with superior properties as both carriers and adjuvants. Herein, the recent progress of physicochemical properties and surface modification strategies of GO for its application as both carriers and adjuvants is reviewed.

Statement of Significance

Due to its unique physicochemical properties, graphene oxide is widely employed in medicine for purposes of photothermal treatment of cancer, drug delivery, antibacterial therapy, and medical imaging. Our work describes the surface modification of graphene oxide and for the first time summarizes that functionalized graphene oxide serves as a vaccine carrier and shows significant adjuvant activity in activating cellular and humoral immunity. In the future, it is expected to be introduced into vaccine research to improve the efficacy of vaccines.

中文翻译：

氧化石墨烯作为潜在的疫苗载体和佐剂的最新进展。

疫苗是预防和控制传染病和某些非传染病，尤其是癌症的最有效策略之一。已经将佐剂和载体适当地添加到疫苗制剂中以改善抗原的免疫原性并诱导持久的免疫力。但是，由于某些批准用于人类的佐剂的功能有限，因此迫切需要开发新的通用佐剂。氧化石墨烯（GO）被广泛用于生物分子的输送，擅长负载和输送抗原，并显示出激活免疫系统的潜力。然而，GO在生物液体中聚集并诱导细胞死亡，并且还表现出较差的生物溶解度和生物相容性。为了解决这些限制，已经采用了各种表面改性方案来将水相容性物质与GO整合在一起，以有效地改善其生物相容性。更重要的是，这些修饰使功能化的GO作为载体和佐剂均具有卓越的性能。在此，综述了GO作为载体和佐剂的理化性质和表面修饰策略的最新进展。