Exosomes have emerged as appealing candidate therapeutic agents and delivery nanoplatforms due to their endogenous features and unique biological properties. However, obstacles such as low isolation yield, considerable complexity and potential safety concerns, and inefficient drug payload substantially hamper their therapeutic applicability. To this end, developing bioinspired exosome-like nanoparticles has become a promising area to overcome certain limitations of their natural counterparts. Synthetically fabrication of exosome-like nanoparticles that harbor only crucial components of exosomes through controllable protocols strongly increases the pharmaceutical acceptability of these vesicles. Assembly of exosome-like nanovesicles derived from producer cells allows for a promising strategy for scale-up production. To improve the loading capability and delivery efficiency of exosomes, hybrid exosome-like nanovesicles and membrane-camouflaged nanoparticles towards better bridging synthetic nanocarriers with natural exosomes could be designed. Building off these observations, herein, efforts are made to give an overview of bioinspired exosome-like therapeutics and delivery nanoplatforms. We briefly recapitulate the recent advance in exosome biology with focus on tailoring exosomes as therapeutics and delivery vehicles. Furthermore, we elaborately discuss the biomimicry methodologies for preparation of exosome-like nanoparticles with special emphasis on offering insights into strategies for rational design of exosome-like biomaterials as effective and safe therapeutics and delivery nanoplatforms.

由于其内源性特征和独特的生物学特性，外泌体已成为有吸引力的候选治疗剂和递送纳米平台。然而，诸如低分离率、相当大的复杂性和潜在的安全问题以及低效的药物有效负载等障碍极大地阻碍了它们的治疗适用性。为此，开发仿生外泌体样纳米颗粒已成为克服天然纳米颗粒某些局限性的有前景的领域。通过可控方案合成仅含有外泌体关键成分的外泌体样纳米颗粒，大大提高了这些囊泡的药物可接受性。来自生产细胞的外泌体样纳米囊泡的组装为扩大生产提供了一种有前景的策略。为了提高外泌体的负载能力和递送效率，可以设计混合外泌体样纳米囊泡和膜伪装纳米颗粒，以更好地桥接合成纳米载体与天然外泌体。基于这些观察，本文努力概述受生物启发的外泌体样疗法和递送纳米平台。我们简要概述了外泌体生物学的最新进展，重点是将外泌体定制为治疗和递送载体。此外，我们详细讨论了制备外泌体样纳米颗粒的仿生方法，特别强调为合理设计外泌体样生物材料作为有效和安全的治疗和递送纳米平台的策略提供见解。