Conformational Flexibility-Controlled Piezochromic Behavior of Organic Fluorophores
The pressure-responsive behaviors of organic fluorophores are often irregular and highly system dependent. Unraveling the pressure effects on them is the key to the precise design of piezochromic materials. Here, we demonstrate that the different conformational flexibilities of organic fluorophores can lead to their distinct piezochromic behaviors. By combining quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics (QM/MM) models and thermal vibration correlation function formalism, we show that two organic fluorophores, dibenzo[b,d]thiophene 5,5-dioxide (DBTS) and carbazole (Cz), with similar chemical structures, display different conformations and conformational flexibilities, which determine the responsiveness of their piezochromic behaviors. It is found that pressurization continuously improves the planarity between the sulfonyl group and the aromatic skeleton in cross-shaped DBTS, leading to red-shifted emission. In addition, the fluorescence quantum efficiency (FQE) of DBTS increases monotonically in a wide range of 0~7 GPa, and then shows a dramatic reduction upon further compression to 12 GPa. The non-monotonical FQE of DBTS is attributed to the continuously decreased radiative decay rate constant (kr) and non-monotonically changed non-radiative decay rate constant (kic). The initial decrease in kic is due to the restriction of aromatic skeleton vibrations in the high-frequency region, and the subsequent increase in kic is ascribed to the acceleration of the bending and rotational vibrations of the sulfonyl group in the low-frequency region. In contrast, pressurization hardly influences the conformation of planar Cz, resulting in a slight change in emission and FQE, which is well consistent with experimental results. This study opens an efficient shortcut to the rational design of advanced piezochromic luminescent materials.
