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Fracture Development Patterns and Micro–Macrostructural Fractal Characteristics of Acid–Base Coal Samples

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Abstract

This study employed a comprehensive approach utilizing X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy (computed), computed tomography (CT) three-dimensional scanning, uniaxial compressive testing, acoustic emission (AE), and digital image correlation to investigate the micromorphology, mechanical properties, macro–microscopic fractal characteristics, failure modes, and mineral composition changes in acid–base coal samples from underground reservoirs. The findings from this study indicate that, in acidic environments, calcite undergoes acidolysis to form calcium chloride (CaCl2), whereas kaolinite reacts with alkaline substances to produce albite (Na2Al2Si2O8). The average elastic modulus of the coal samples treated with strong acids or alkalis decreased by 51.08% and 38.17%, respectively, when compared to the naturally dried samples. After strong acid treatment (pH = 2), the post-peak modulus decreased to its lowest value of 1.78 GPa. The fracture threshold in the plastic phase of the acidic coal samples decreased by approximately 60% when compared to that of the naturally dried samples, with the cumulative AE energy reaching a maximum of 2.46 × 1010 aJ. CT image segmentation revealed that with higher H+ concentrations, the sliced fracture fractal dimension increased from 1.01 to 1.25, indicating enhanced fracture disorder. The evolution of the spatial and energy fractal dimensions of the AE, analyzed using the box-counting method and correlation dimension, showed that in strong acidic and alkaline environments, the spatial fractal dimension before the peak failure was higher, pre-disposing the formation of highly disordered and smaller-scale fractures. During the fracture development stage, the time-series energy correlation dimension of the acid–base coal samples experienced two significant fluctuations, with a rapid decrease before the peak, indicating a transition from disorderly expansion to orderly fracturing. In the final stage of fracturing, the strongly acidic samples predominantly developed microcracks. The stronger the acidity or alkalinity, the more likely it is that high-energy (greater than 104 aJ) AE shear events will occur, with the mixed mode of tensile and shear failure tending to concentrate in the areas of high shear strain, thereby enhancing the macroscopic fragmentation orderliness. This research is crucial in regard to the safety assessment of dam bodies or coal pillars in acidic and alkaline coal mines in Northwestern China, particularly for predicting their stability.

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Acknowledgments

This work was financially supported by the Major Basic Research Project of the Natural Science Foundation of the Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions (No. BK20220024) and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 52274143).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Mines, China University of Mining and Technology, No. 1 Daxue Rd, Xuzhou, 221116, China

    Changhao Shan, Qiangling Yao, Shenggen Cao, Qiang Xu, Chuangkai Zheng, Ze Xia, Yinghu Li & Lun Yan

  2. Key Laboratory of Deep Coal Resource Mining (CUMT), Ministry of Education, Xuzhou, China

    Changhao Shan, Qiangling Yao, Shenggen Cao, Qiang Xu, Chuangkai Zheng, Ze Xia, Yinghu Li & Lun Yan

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  1. Changhao Shan
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Shan, C., Yao, Q., Cao, S. et al. Fracture Development Patterns and Micro–Macrostructural Fractal Characteristics of Acid–Base Coal Samples. Nat Resour Res 33, 831–865 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11053-024-10313-9

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