As a result of using various energy sources such as fossil fuels, harmful gases emerge and endanger the world's future. The search for different energy sources is to diminish the dangers that may arise in the future. Renewable energy sources are also the most basic for a sustainable future. This study aims to increase the performance of photovoltaic thermal collectors (PVT), which are used to obtain thermal energy from solar energy and produce electrical energy. The novelties of this experimental work are the analysis of a combination of a solar air heater and thermal energy storage via a phase change material technology and surface modifications on absorber plates, including a nanotechnological amendment. Furthermore, the adverse impacts on the environment of the manufactured systems were taken into account with the help of such parameters as waste exergy ratio and sustainability index. Initially, PVT with a V-grooved absorber surface (V-PVT) was built. In the second stage, nano-enhanced V-grooved PVT (NE/V-PVT) was produced, in which the absorber plate was coated by graphene nanoparticles. Then, a thermal energy storage entity was mounted onto the system, and the V-grooved PVT with the thermal energy storage entity (TS/V-PVT) was developed. 40 W absorber fans were used to provide airflow in these manufactured collectors. In addition, Styrofoam insulation material was used for the collector case, and a low-cost system was designed. Simultaneous experiments for each PVT were carried out. The waste exergy ratio (WER) and the sustainability index (SI) were also considered. Based on the experimental results, thermal efficiency was calculated as 40.60%, 54.01%, and 53.90% for V-PVT, NE/V-PVT, and TS/V-PVT, respectively. Furthermore, the coefficient of performance (COP) values were obtained as 2.67 for V-PVT, 4.28 for NE/V-PVT, and 3.49 for TS/V-PVT. The findings illustrated that nano-coating and V-grooved modifications on solar collectors substantially increased the system performance.

中文翻译：

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具有纳米增强和热能存储集成的光伏热太阳能系统的能量、火用和可持续性分析

由于使用化石燃料等各种能源，有害气体的出现并危及世界的未来。寻找不同的能源是为了减少未来可能出现的危险。可再生能源也是可持续未来的最基本能源。本研究旨在提高光伏集热器（PVT）的性能，光伏集热器用于从太阳能中获取热能并产生电能。这项实验工作的新颖之处在于通过相变材料技术和吸收板表面改性（包括纳米技术修正）来分析太阳能空气加热器和热能存储的组合。此外，借助废物火用比和可持续性指数等参数，考虑了制造系统对环境的不利影响。最初，构建了具有 V 形槽吸收器表面的 PVT（V-PVT）。第二阶段，生产纳米增强V型槽PVT（NE/V-PVT），其中吸收板涂有石墨烯纳米颗粒。然后，将热能存储实体安装到系统上，并开发了带有热能存储实体的V型槽PVT（TS/V-PVT）。 40 W 吸热风扇用于在这些制造的收集器中提供气流。此外，集热器外壳采用了聚苯乙烯泡沫塑料绝缘材料，并设计了低成本系统。对每个PVT 进行同时实验。还考虑了废物火用比（WER）和可持续性指数（SI）。根据实验结果，计算出V-PVT、NE/V-PVT和TS/V-PVT的热效率分别为40.60%、54.01%和53.90%。此外，V-PVT 的性能系数 (COP) 值为 2.67，NE/V-PVT 为 4.28，TS/V-PVT 为 3.49。研究结果表明，太阳能集热器上的纳米涂层和 V 形槽改进大大提高了系统性能。