The spread of misinformation through media and social networks threatens many aspects of society, including public health and the state of democracies. One approach to mitigating the effect of misinformation focuses on individual-level interventions, equipping policymakers and the public with essential tools to curb the spread and influence of falsehoods. Here we introduce a toolbox of individual-level interventions for reducing harm from online misinformation. Comprising an up-to-date account of interventions featured in 81 scientific papers from across the globe, the toolbox provides both a conceptual overview of nine main types of interventions, including their target, scope and examples, and a summary of the empirical evidence supporting the interventions, including the methods and experimental paradigms used to test them. The nine types of interventions covered are accuracy prompts, debunking and rebuttals, friction, inoculation, lateral reading and verification strategies, media-literacy tips, social norms, source-credibility labels, and warning and fact-checking labels.

通过媒体和社交网络传播错误信息威胁着社会的许多方面，包括公共卫生和民主国家。减轻错误信息影响的一种方法侧重于个人层面的干预，为决策者和公众提供必要的工具来遏制虚假信息的传播和影响。在这里，我们介绍一个个人层面干预措施的工具箱，以减少在线错误信息的伤害。该工具箱包含对全球 81 篇科学论文中干预措施的最新描述，提供了九种主要干预措施的概念概述，包括其目标、范围和示例，并总结了支持干预措施的经验证据干预措施，包括用于测试它们的方法和实验范式。涵盖的九种干预措施包括准确性提示、揭穿和反驳、摩擦、接种、横向阅读和验证策略、媒体素养技巧、社会规范、来源可信度标签以及警告和事实检查标签。