Biological aging is near-ubiquitous in the animal kingdom, but its timing and pace vary between individuals and over lifespans. Prospective, individual-based studies of wild animals—especially non-human primates—help identify the social and environmental drivers of this variation by indicating the conditions and exposure windows that affect aging processes. However, measuring individual biological age in wild primates is challenging because several of the most promising methods require invasive sampling. Here, we leverage observational data on behavior and physiology, collected non-invasively from 319 wild female baboons across 2402 female-years of study, to develop a composite predictor of age: the non-invasive physiology and behavior (NPB) clock. We found that age predictions from the NPB clock explained 51% of the variation in females’ known ages. Further, deviations from the clock’s age predictions predicted female survival: females predicted to be older than their known ages had higher adult mortality. Finally, females who experienced harsh early-life conditions were predicted to be about 6 months older than those who grew up in more benign conditions. While the relationship between early adversity and NPB age is noisy, this estimate translates to a predicted 2–3 year reduction in mean adult lifespan in our model. A constraint of our clock is that it is tailored to data collection approaches implemented in our study population. However, many of the clock’s components have analogs in other populations, suggesting that non-invasive data can provide broadly applicable insight into heterogeneity in biological age in natural populations.

生物衰老在动物界几乎无处不在，但其时间和速度因个体和寿命而异。对野生动物（尤其是非人类灵长类动物）的前瞻性、基于个体的研究通过指出影响衰老过程的条件和暴露窗口，有助于确定这种变化的社会和环境驱动因素。然而，测量野生灵长类动物的个体生物学年龄具有挑战性，因为几种最有前途的方法需要侵入性采样。在这里，我们利用在 2402 只雌性狒狒研究中以非侵入方式从 319 只野生雌性狒狒身上收集的行为和生理学观察数据，开发出年龄的综合预测因子：非侵入性生理和行为 (NPB) 时钟。我们发现 NPB 时钟的年龄预测可以解释 51% 的女性已知年龄差异。此外，与时钟年龄预测的偏差预测了女性的生存：预测年龄大于已知年龄的女性成年死亡率更高。最后，预计早年经历过严酷生活条件的女性比那些在更温和条件下长大的女性要大 6 个月左右。虽然早期逆境与 NPB 年龄之间的关系存在争议，但这一估计转化为我们模型中成人平均寿命的预测减少 2-3 年。我们的时钟的一个限制是它是根据我们研究人群中实施的数据收集方法量身定制的。然而，生物钟的许多组成部分在其他人群中都有类似物，这表明非侵入性数据可以提供对自然人群生物年龄异质性的广泛适用的洞察。