Monitoring the electric potential (EP) response induced by coal deformation and rupture is essential to the safety of underground engineering under extreme load and stress wave disturbance conditions. In this study, the split Hopkinson pressure bar and EP acquisition systems were utilized for EP testing of coal under stress waves. The EP response under stress waves was investigated, the changes in accumulated charge caused by each stage of stress wave loading were analyzed, and the mechanism of EP signal generation is discussed. The results show that under stress waves, coal produces a significant EP signal, and the EP fluctuations correspond well to each stage of the stress wave. The EP and stress wave signals have a strong linear relationship when the stress wave is rising. During the descent of the stress wave, the EP decreases exponentially with time, showing a gradual decrease in the rate of EP decrease. The cumulative charge growth at each stage shows a “stable-surging-stable” change trend. Dislocation charged movement causes local polarization within the coal. Crack propagation leads to charge separation and free charge generation. These findings explain the mechanism of EP signal creation caused by stress waves. A mathematical model of the link between charge density and dynamic load stress is derived, indicating a strong positive correlation between the two parameters. The results of this research help to improve the reflection of coal seam stability through the EP response.

监测煤体变形和破裂引起的电势（EP）响应对于极端载荷和应力波扰动条件下地下工程的安全至关重要。在这项研究中，采用分体式霍普金森压力棒和EP采集系统对应力波下的煤进行EP测试。研究了应力波作用下的EP响应，分析了应力波加载各阶段引起的累积电荷的变化，并讨论了EP信号产生的机理。结果表明，在应力波作用下，煤体产生显着的EP信号，且EP波动与应力波的各个阶段具有良好的对应关系。当应力波上升时，EP和应力波信号具有很强的线性关系。在应力波下降过程中，EP随时间呈指数下降，表现为EP下降速率逐渐减小。各阶段累计电荷增长呈现“稳定-澎湃-稳定”的变化趋势。位错带电运动导致煤内局部极化。裂纹扩展导致电荷分离和自由电荷产生。这些发现解释了应力波引起的 EP 信号产生的机制。推导了电荷密度和动态负载应力之间联系的数学模型，表明这两个参数之间存在很强的正相关性。本研究成果有助于提高EP响应对煤层稳定性的反映。