Ternary blended geopolymers represent a new class of sustainable binders with improved properties when compared to mono and binary blended geopolymers under ambient conditions. The study focuses on low grade industrial waste materials; locally sourced hydrous clay (HC) waste and copper slag (CS), to create novel Ternary Blended Geopolymer Mortars (TBGM). The addition of CS had a positive effect on strength development. The incorporation of 40 % CS as fine aggregate replacement, improved the proportion of HC in precursors from 10 % to 30 %. The design parameters considered were sodium silicate to sodium hydroxide solution ratio (SS/SH) at (2,2.5,3), the alkaline solution (AL) to binder (B) material ratio (AL/B) at (0.35,0.4,0.45), and the molarity of the sodium hydroxide solution (M) at (8,10,12) respectively. Box Behnken Design (BBD) with response surface methodology (RSM) was used to reduce the number of trial experiments to 15 from a total of 27 and, to statistically optimize and evaluate the interactions of SS/SH, AL/B, and M on the performance of TBGM. The compressive strength of 72 N/mm at the SS/SH, M and AL/B as 2.5, 12 and 0.4, respectively, was in good agreement with the experimental result of 78 N/mm at similar proportions. From the diagnostics and response plots of RSM, it can be inferred that the molarity of NaOH and AL/B and its combined interaction had more critical influence on the compressive strength of TBGM compared to SS to SH ratio. The microstructural and durability investigation further validated the optimization studies, as the optimum mortar specimen exhibited a denser microstructure with reduced shrinkage and sorptivity values.

中文翻译：

---

优化低标号含水粘土和铜渣基可持续三元共混地质聚合物砂浆的抗压强度

三元共混地质聚合物代表了一类新型可持续粘合剂，与环境条件下的单元和二元共混地质聚合物相比，具有改进的性能。研究重点是低品位工业废料；当地采购的含水粘土 (HC) 废物和铜渣 (CS)，用于制造新型三元混合地质聚合物砂浆 (TBGM)。 CS的添加对力量发展有积极的影响。加入 40% CS 作为细骨料替代品，将前驱体中 HC 的比例从 10% 提高到 30%。考虑的设计参数为硅酸钠与氢氧化钠溶液的比例（SS/SH）为（2,2.5,3），碱性溶液（AL）与粘结剂（B）材料的比例（AL/B）为（0.35,0.4， 0.45)，氢氧化钠溶液的摩尔浓度(M)分别为(8,10,12)。采用 Box Behnken 设计 (BBD) 和响应面法 (RSM) 将试验数量从 27 次减少到 15 次，并统计优化和评估 SS/SH、AL/B 和 M 的相互作用TBGM 的性能。 SS/SH、M和AL/B分别为2.5、12和0.4时的抗压强度为72 N/mm，与相似比例下的78 N/mm的实验结果非常吻合。从 RSM 的诊断和响应图可以推断，与 SS/SH 比率相比，NaOH 和 AL/B 的摩尔浓度及其组合相互作用对 TBGM 的抗压强度具有更关键的影响。微观结构和耐久性研究进一步验证了优化研究，因为最佳砂浆样本表现出更致密的微观结构，并且收缩率和吸着率值降低。