Enhanced efforts in the transportation sector should be implemented to mitigate the adverse effects of CO emissions resulting from zoning-based planning paradigms. The concept of a 15-minute city, emphasizing proximity-based planning, holds promise in reducing unnecessary travel and progressing towards carbon neutrality. However, a critical research question remains inadequately explored: to what extent is the 15-minute city concept feasible for American cities? This paper presents a comprehensive framework to evaluate the 15-minute city concept using SafeGraph Point of Interest (POI) check-in data across 12 major American cities. Our findings suggest a prevailing reliance on cars among residents due to the spatial distribution of essential activities beyond convenient walking, cycling, and public transit distances. Nevertheless, there exists significant promise for realizing the 15-minute city vision, given that most residents' daily activities can be accommodated within a 15-minute radius by low-emission modes transportation modes. When comparing cities, it appears that achieving a 15-minute walking city is more feasible for metropolises like New York City, San Francisco, Boston, and Chicago, while proving to be challenging for cities such as Atlanta, Dallas, Houston, and Phoenix. In examing inter-group comparisons, neighborhoods with higher proportion of White residents and higher median incomes tend to have more accessible POIs, with a substantial percentage of activities concentrated within a 15-minute radius. This demographic also shows a greater propensity to fulfill daily activities through walking, cycling, or public transit trips within a 15-minute travel time, thus presenting a greater potential in CO reduction compared to African Americans. This study can offer policymakers insight into how far American cities are away from the 15-minute city concept. It also highlights the potential CO emissions reductions that could be achieved through successful implementation.

中文翻译：

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15分钟车程的城市触手可及吗？测量美国 12 个主要城市的多式联运可达性和碳足迹

应加强交通部门的努力，以减轻基于分区的规划范式造成的二氧化碳排放的不利影响。 15 分钟城市的概念强调基于邻近性的规划，有望减少不必要的出行并逐步实现碳中和。然而，一个关键的研究问题仍未得到充分探讨：15 分钟城市概念对于美国城市来说在多大程度上可行？本文提出了一个综合框架，利用美国 12 个主要城市的 SafeGraph 兴趣点 (POI) 签到数据来评估 15 分钟城市概念。我们的研究结果表明，由于基本活动的空间分布超出了方便的步行、骑自行车和公共交通的距离，居民普遍依赖汽车。尽管如此，鉴于大多数居民的日常活动可以通过低排放交通方式满足在15分钟半径内，因此实现15分钟城市愿景的前景广阔。在比较城市时，实现 15 分钟步行城市对于纽约、旧金山、波士顿和芝加哥等大都市来说似乎更可行，而对于亚特兰大、达拉斯、休斯顿和凤凰城等城市来说则具有挑战性。在检查组间比较时，白人居民比例较高且收入中位数较高的社区往往拥有更容易到达的兴趣点，其中很大一部分活动集中在 15 分钟半径内。该人群还表现出更倾向于通过步行、骑自行车或 15 分钟出行时间内的公共交通来完成日常活动，因此与非裔美国人相比，二氧化碳减排潜力更大。这项研究可以让政策制定者深入了解美国城市离 15 分钟城市概念还有多远。它还强调了通过成功实施可以实现的潜在二氧化碳减排量。