Wildfire smoke (WFS) is a mixture of respirable particulate matter, environmental gases, and other hazardous pollutants that originate from the unplanned burning of arid vegetation during wildfires. The increasing size and frequency of recent wildfires has escalated public and occupational health concerns regarding WFS inhalation, by either individuals living nearby and downstream an active fire or wildland firefighters and other workers that face unavoidable exposure because of their profession. In this review, we first synthesize current evidence from environmental, controlled, and interventional human exposure studies, to highlight positive associations between WFS inhalation and cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Motivated by these findings, we discuss preventative measures and suggest interventions to mitigate the cardiovascular impact of wildfires. We then review animal and cell exposure studies to call attention on the pathophysiological processes that support the deterioration of cardiovascular tissues and organs in response to WFS inhalation. Acknowledging the challenges of integrating evidence across independent sources, we contextualize laboratory-scale exposure approaches according to the biological processes that they model and offer suggestions for ensuring relevance to the human condition. Noting that wildfires are significant contributors to ambient air pollution, we compare the biological responses triggered by WFS to those of other harmful pollutants. We also review evidence for how WFS inhalation may trigger mechanisms that have been proposed as mediators of adverse cardiovascular effects upon exposure to air pollution. We finally conclude by highlighting research areas that demand further consideration. Overall, we aspire for this work to serve as a catalyst for regulatory initiatives to mitigate the adverse cardiovascular effects of WFS inhalation in the community and alleviate the occupational risk in wildland firefighters.

中文翻译：

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野火对心血管健康的影响

野火烟雾（WFS）是可吸入颗粒物、环境气体和其他有害污染物的混合物，源自野火期间干旱植被的意外燃烧。最近野火的规模和频率不断增加，加剧了公众和职业健康对吸入 WFS 的担忧，无论是居住在火灾附近和下游的个人，还是荒地消防员和其他因其职业而面临不可避免的接触的工人。在这篇综述中，我们首先综合了来自环境、受控和介入性人体暴露研究的当前证据，以强调吸入 WFS 与心血管发病率和死亡率之间的正相关性。受这些发现的启发，我们讨论了预防措施，并建议采取干预措施来减轻野火对心血管的影响。然后，我们回顾了动物和细胞暴露研究，以引起人们对吸入 WFS 后心血管组织和器官恶化的病理生理过程的关注。认识到整合独立来源证据的挑战，我们根据实验室规模的暴露方法建模的生物过程将其置于背景中，并提供确保与人类状况相关的建议。注意到野火是造成环境空气污染的重要因素，我们将 WFS 引发的生物反应与其他有害污染物的生物反应进行了比较。我们还回顾了吸入 WFS 如何触发机制的证据，这些机制被认为是暴露于空气污染后心血管不良影响的中介因素。最后，我们强调需要进一步考虑的研究领域。总体而言，我们希望这项工作能够成为监管举措的催化剂，以减轻社区中吸入 WFS 的不良心血管影响，并减轻荒地消防员的职业风险。