As cell signaling research has advanced, it has become clearer that signal transduction has complex spatiotemporal regulation that goes beyond foundational linear transduction models. Several technologies have enabled these discoveries, including fluorescent biosensors designed to report live biochemical signaling events. As genetically encoded and live-cell compatible tools, fluorescent biosensors are well suited to address diverse cell signaling questions across different spatial scales of regulation. In this review, methods of examining spatial signaling regulation and the design of fluorescent biosensors are introduced. Then, recent biosensor developments that illuminate the importance of spatial regulation in cell signaling are highlighted at several scales, including membranes and organelles, molecular assemblies, and cell/tissue heterogeneity. In closing, perspectives on how fluorescent biosensors will continue enhancing cell signaling research are discussed.

中文翻译：

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荧光生物传感器阐明了跨尺度细胞信号传导的空间调节

随着细胞信号传导研究的进展，人们越来越清楚地认识到信号转导具有复杂的时空调节，超出了基本的线性转导模型。多项技术促成了这些发现，包括旨在报告实时生化信号事件的荧光生物传感器。作为基因编码和活细胞兼容的工具，荧光生物传感器非常适合解决不同调控空间尺度的各种细胞信号传导问题。在这篇综述中，介绍了检查空间信号调节的方法和荧光生物传感器的设计。然后，最近生物传感器的发展阐明了细胞信号传导中空间调节的重要性，并在多个尺度上得到强调，包括膜和细胞器、分子组装和细胞/组织异质性。最后，讨论了荧光生物传感器如何继续增强细胞信号研究的观点。